Bruno Michoud is a Senior Researcher at the “Future Energy” research program of the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy. His research focuses on the financing of the energy transition globally – and most specifically in Africa. He has almost a decade of experience in sustainable finance and impact investing, collaborating with social and environmental entities as well as capital providers in developing and industrialized countries. Prof. Dr. Manfred HAFNER is Professor of International Energy Economics and Geopolitics teaching at the Johns Hopkins University of Advanced International Studies (SAIS Europe) and at SciencesPo PSIA. He is the Coordinator of the Future Energy research Program of the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy. He has extensively consulted for governments, international organizations and the energy industry all over the world and in particular in MENA.

• Introduction.- Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: General Context.- Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategy Identification.- Public Policies and Initiatives in the Energy Sector.- Direct and Indirect Investments in the Energy Sector.- Capital Markets for the Financing of Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa.- Risk Mitigation Instruments Targeting Specific Investment Risks.- Business Model Adaptation.- The Role of Multilateral Agencies and Development Banks.- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.- Further Areas of Work.- Annex

Bruno Michoud is a Senior Researcher at the “Future Energy” research program of the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy. His research focuses on the financing of the energy transition globally – and most specifically in Africa. He has almost a decade of experience in sustainable finance and impact investing, collaborating with social and environmental entities as well as capital providers in developing and industrialized countries. Prof. Dr. Manfred HAFNER is Professor of International Energy Economics and Geopolitics teaching at the Johns Hopkins University of Advanced International Studies (SAIS Europe) and at SciencesPo PSIA. He is the Coordinator of the Future Energy research Program of the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy. He has extensively consulted for governments, international organizations and the energy industry all over the world and in particular in MENA.

• Introduction.- Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: General Context.- Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategy Identification.- Public Policies and Initiatives in the Energy Sector.- Direct and Indirect Investments in the Energy Sector.- Capital Markets for the Financing of Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa.- Risk Mitigation Instruments Targeting Specific Investment Risks.- Business Model Adaptation.- The Role of Multilateral Agencies and Development Banks.- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.- Further Areas of Work.- Annex

Bruno Michoud is a Senior Researcher at the “Future Energy” research program of the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy. His research focuses on the financing of the energy transition globally – and most specifically in Africa. He has almost a decade of experience in sustainable finance and impact investing, collaborating with social and environmental entities as well as capital providers in developing and industrialized countries. Prof. Dr. Manfred HAFNER is Professor of International Energy Economics and Geopolitics teaching at the Johns Hopkins University of Advanced International Studies (SAIS Europe) and at SciencesPo PSIA. He is the Coordinator of the Future Energy research Program of the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy. He has extensively consulted for governments, international organizations and the energy industry all over the world and in particular in MENA.

• Introduction.- Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: General Context.- Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategy Identification.- Public Policies and Initiatives in the Energy Sector.- Direct and Indirect Investments in the Energy Sector.- Capital Markets for the Financing of Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa.- Risk Mitigation Instruments Targeting Specific Investment Risks.- Business Model Adaptation.- The Role of Multilateral Agencies and Development Banks.- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.- Further Areas of Work.- Annex