Martha Albertson Fineman is a Robert W. Woodruff Professor at Emory University School of Law. An internationally recognized scholar, Fineman is a leading authority on family law and feminist jurisprudence. Following graduation from University of Chicago Law School in 1975, she clerked for the Hon. Luther M. Swygert of the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Fineman began her teaching career at the University of Wisconsin in 1976. In 1990, she moved to Columbia University where she was the Maurice T. Moore Professor of Law. Before moving to Emory, she was on the Cornell Law School faculty where she held the Dorothea Clarke Professorship, the fi rst endowed chair in the nation in feminist jurisprudence. Fineman is founder and Director of the Feminism and Legal Th eory (FLT) Project, which was inaugurated in 1984. Th e two most recent collections from the FLT Project edited by Fineman are What Is Right For Children? Th e Competing Paradigms of Religion and Human Rights (with Karen Worthington) and Feminist and Queer Legal Th eory: Intimate Encounters, Uncomfortable Conversations (with Jack E. Jackson and Adam P. Romero ), both published by Ashgate Press in 2009. Fineman also serves as co-director of Emory's Race and Diff erence Initiative and is the director of one of its sub-initiatives, the Vulnerability Studies Project. Estelle Zinsstag is a senior researcher at the Institute of Criminology - KU Leuven (Belgium), and currently working on the FP7 project ALTERNATIVE. She publishes in the fi elds of sexual violence against women, transitional justice, and restorative justice. Her most recent publication is a book she co-edited with Inge Vanfraechem entitled Conferencing and Restorative Justice published by Oxford University Press (2012). She is also the managing editor of a new academic journal entitled Restorative Justice: an International Journal published by Hart Publishing. Previously she has been a senior research offi cer at the European Forum for Restorative Justice, where she was leading a project funded by the European Commission on 'Conferencing: A Way Forward for Restorative Justice in Europe'. In 2008 she completed a Ph.D. entitled 'Sexual Violence against Women in Armed Confl ict: Towards a Transitional Justice Perspective' at the School of Law, Queen's University Belfast (UK).

• Acknowledgments Introduction: Feminist Perspectives on Transitional Justice Martha Albertson Fineman and Estelle Zinsstag PART 1. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES IN CONTEXTS Introduction Chapter 1 International Law and Domestic Gender Justice, or Why Case Studies Matter Catherine O'Rourke 1. Introduction 2. Feminist critiques of international criminal law 2.1. ICL as legally deficient 2.2. ICL as sexualising and infantilising women 2.3. ICL as silencing individual women and more radical feminist critique 2.4. Feminist engagement with ICL as hegemonic and imperialist 3. A 'Boomerang Pattern'? 4. International law, local gender justice? The case of Chile 4.1. Women, gender and transitional justice in a pacted transition 4.2. ICL as legally deficient 4.2.1. Truth, phase 1, the Chilean National Truth and Reconciliation Commission 4.2.2. Truth, phase 2, the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture 4.3. ICL as sexualising and infantilising women 4.3.1. Sexual violence as women's exclusive experience of conflict and repression, obscuring other harms suffered by women, such as socioeconomic harms or the loss of a family member 4.3.2. Focus on sexual violence establishing exclusionary categories of 'ideal' female victimhood that reinforce the restrictive regulation of female sexuality 4.3.3. Focus on women's sexual victimhood marginalising women as agents of political change 4.4. ICL as silencing individual women victims and more radical feminist critiques 4.4.1. Silencing of individual women victims 4.4.2. Engagement with international criminal law as silencing more radical feminist critique 4.5. Feminist engagement with ICL as hegemonic and imperialist 4.5.1. The hazards of governance feminism 4.5.2. Feminism and the imperialist mission of international law 5. Conclusion Chapter 2 Advancing a Feminist Analysis of Transitional Justice Fionnuala Ni Aolain 1. A brief history of presence and engagement 2. The limits of law 3. Conclusion Chapter 3 Feminist Perspectives on Extraordinary Justice David C. Gray and Benjamin A. Levin 1. The moral meaning of violence 2. Intersectional identity and dynamic stability 3. Women and extraordinary justice 4. Women at the nexus 5. Conclusion Chapter 4 Intersectionality: A Feminist Theory for Transitional Justice Eilish Rooney 1. Introduction 2. Travelling modalities 3. Awkward absences 4. Negotiating presence 5. Intersecting transitions 6. ConclusionContents PART 2 FEMINIST LEGAL STRATEGIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES Introduction Chapter 5 International Law, Crisis and Feminist Time Mary H. Hansel 1. Introduction 2. The crisis model of international law and humanitarian intervention 2.1. The nature of the crisis model 2.2. The NATO intervention in Kosovo 2.3. Conclusion 3. The marginalization of women under the crisis model 3.1. White male heroism in the crisis model 3.1.1. The centrality of the hero's rescue 3.1.2. The presumed benevolence of the hero 3.2. The crisis model's effects on women in targeted states 3.2.1. Obscuring the 'international law of everyday life' 3.2.2. Neglecting hardships endured during crisis 3.2.3. Failures to consider women in the aftermath 3.2.4. Conclusion 4. The crisis model's temporal underpinnings 4.1. 'Emergency time' governing the crisis model 4.2. Developing a broader temporal view 4.3. Conclusion 5. Feminist temporal approaches to inform international law 5.1. Predominant strains of feminist temporality and applications to the crisis model 5.1.1. Time as regression 5.1.2. Time as redemption 5.1.3. Time as rupture 5.1.4. Time as repetition 5.2. Conclusion 6. Conclusion Chapter 6 Justice as Practised by Victims of Conflict: Post-World War II Movements as Sites of Engagement and Knowledge Cheah Wui Ling 1. Introduction 2. The response of international law to conflict-related harms: Evolving approaches 2.1. International humanitarian law and international criminal law 2.2. International human rights law 2.3. The 2005 UN Basic Principles 3. The rise and development of post-World War II movements 3.1. The Japanese American redress movement 3.2. The Hibakusha movement and the global anti-nuclear movement 3.3. The 'comfort women' movement 4. Justice as conceptualised by post-World War II movements: Recognition and atonement 4.1. Recognising the suffering and rights of victims 4.2. The atonement of wrongdoers 5. Conclusion: Learning from victims and justice as practised Chapter 7 The Symbolic and Communicative Function of International Criminal Tribunals Teresa Godwin Phelps 1. The early ICTR and ICTY trials 2. Later ICTY and ICTR trials 3. The Special Court for Sierra Leone PART 3 EMERGING ALTERNATIVES WITHIN TR ANSITIONAL JUSTICE Introduction Chapter 8 Sexual Violence Against Women in Armed Conflicts and Restorative Justice: An Exploratory Analysis Estelle Zinsstag 1. Introduction 2. Sexual violence against women in armed conflicts 3. Restorative justice and sexual violence 4. The Sierra Leone Truth Commission: A case study 5. Some points of discussion 6. Conclusion Chapter 9 Greensboro and Beyond: Remediating the Structural Sexism in Truth and Reconciliation Processes and Determining the Potential Impact and Benefits of Truth Processes in the United States Peggy Maisel 1. Introduction 2. Feminist critique of human rights and TRC processes 3. The South African TRC 3.1. Brief history of the development of the TRC 3.2. A 'gender-neutral' TRC 3.3. Comparison to other TRC processes 4. Greensboro 4.1. Establishing the Greensboro TRC 4.2. The Greensboro mandate 4.3. The Commission process 0 4.4. The final report, recommendations, and impact in Greensboro 5. Beyond Greensboro 6. Conclusion Chapter 10 Exclusion of Women in Post-Conflict Peace Processes: Transitional Justice in Northern Uganda Joseph Wasonga 1. Introduction 2. Historical perspective of the conflict in northern Uganda 3. Transitional justice initiatives 4. Place of women in transitional justice in northern Uganda 5. Conclusion Chapter 11 Shifting Paradigms for State Intervention: Gender-Based Violence in Cuba Deborah M. Weissman 1. Introduction 2. Cuba in the international: Human rights as political opportunity structures 3. Objective and subjective elements of gender equality as framework 4. Specific approaches to domestic violence 4.1. Definitions and determinants 4.2. Cuban responses to domestic violence 4.2.1. Research and policy initiatives 4.2.2. Controlling domestic violence through participatory mechanisms 4.3. Legal responses 5. Conclusion PART 4 CASE STUDIES IntroductionChapter 12 Beauty and the Beast: Gender Integration and the Police in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina Lisa R. Muftic and Azra Rasic 1. Introduction 2. Police reformation in Bosnia 3. Gender integration as part of the police reformation process 3.1. Recruitment and training 3.2. Promotion 3.3. Working conditions 3.4. Maternity leave 3.5. Police misconduct 4. Research questions 5. Methods 6. Female Bosnian national police officers 7. Conclusion 8. Limitations & future studies Chapter 13 The Parallel Processes of Law and Social Change: Gender Violence and Work in the United States and South Africa Julie Goldscheid 1. Introduction 2. Context 2.1. Prevalence of abuse 2.2. Women's labor market participation 3. Reform efforts and critiques 4. Gender violence and work 5. South Africa's potential for legal responses 6. Implications for reform 6.1. Limits of litigation and employment law responses 6.2. Challenges of implementation, enforcement and training 6.3. Gender violence in a socio-political context 6.4. Broad-based commitments and difficult conversations 7. Conclusion Chapter 14 Neoliberalism's Impact on Women: A Case Study in Creating Supply and Demand for Human Traffi cking Dina Francesca Haynes 1. Arizona market in context 1.1. Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.2. The first myth: achieving ethnic harmony through market forces 1.3. Human trafficking at Arizona market 1.4. The second myth: the actors on the ground during war should also be making economic development decisions 1.5. Politico-socio-economic engineering: the story of Brcko and its relationship to Arizona market 2. The impact of neoliberalism's market liberalization practices on women 3. Conclusion About the Authors

Martha Albertson Fineman is a Robert W. Woodruff Professor at Emory University School of Law. An internationally recognized scholar, Fineman is a leading authority on family law and feminist jurisprudence. Following graduation from University of Chicago Law School in 1975, she clerked for the Hon. Luther M. Swygert of the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Fineman began her teaching career at the University of Wisconsin in 1976. In 1990, she moved to Columbia University where she was the Maurice T. Moore Professor of Law. Before moving to Emory, she was on the Cornell Law School faculty where she held the Dorothea Clarke Professorship, the fi rst endowed chair in the nation in feminist jurisprudence. Fineman is founder and Director of the Feminism and Legal Th eory (FLT) Project, which was inaugurated in 1984. Th e two most recent collections from the FLT Project edited by Fineman are What Is Right For Children? Th e Competing Paradigms of Religion and Human Rights (with Karen Worthington) and Feminist and Queer Legal Th eory: Intimate Encounters, Uncomfortable Conversations (with Jack E. Jackson and Adam P. Romero ), both published by Ashgate Press in 2009. Fineman also serves as co-director of Emory's Race and Diff erence Initiative and is the director of one of its sub-initiatives, the Vulnerability Studies Project. Estelle Zinsstag is a senior researcher at the Institute of Criminology - KU Leuven (Belgium), and currently working on the FP7 project ALTERNATIVE. She publishes in the fi elds of sexual violence against women, transitional justice, and restorative justice. Her most recent publication is a book she co-edited with Inge Vanfraechem entitled Conferencing and Restorative Justice published by Oxford University Press (2012). She is also the managing editor of a new academic journal entitled Restorative Justice: an International Journal published by Hart Publishing. Previously she has been a senior research offi cer at the European Forum for Restorative Justice, where she was leading a project funded by the European Commission on 'Conferencing: A Way Forward for Restorative Justice in Europe'. In 2008 she completed a Ph.D. entitled 'Sexual Violence against Women in Armed Confl ict: Towards a Transitional Justice Perspective' at the School of Law, Queen's University Belfast (UK).

• Acknowledgments Introduction: Feminist Perspectives on Transitional Justice Martha Albertson Fineman and Estelle Zinsstag PART 1. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES IN CONTEXTS Introduction Chapter 1 International Law and Domestic Gender Justice, or Why Case Studies Matter Catherine O'Rourke 1. Introduction 2. Feminist critiques of international criminal law 2.1. ICL as legally deficient 2.2. ICL as sexualising and infantilising women 2.3. ICL as silencing individual women and more radical feminist critique 2.4. Feminist engagement with ICL as hegemonic and imperialist 3. A 'Boomerang Pattern'? 4. International law, local gender justice? The case of Chile 4.1. Women, gender and transitional justice in a pacted transition 4.2. ICL as legally deficient 4.2.1. Truth, phase 1, the Chilean National Truth and Reconciliation Commission 4.2.2. Truth, phase 2, the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture 4.3. ICL as sexualising and infantilising women 4.3.1. Sexual violence as women's exclusive experience of conflict and repression, obscuring other harms suffered by women, such as socioeconomic harms or the loss of a family member 4.3.2. Focus on sexual violence establishing exclusionary categories of 'ideal' female victimhood that reinforce the restrictive regulation of female sexuality 4.3.3. Focus on women's sexual victimhood marginalising women as agents of political change 4.4. ICL as silencing individual women victims and more radical feminist critiques 4.4.1. Silencing of individual women victims 4.4.2. Engagement with international criminal law as silencing more radical feminist critique 4.5. Feminist engagement with ICL as hegemonic and imperialist 4.5.1. The hazards of governance feminism 4.5.2. Feminism and the imperialist mission of international law 5. Conclusion Chapter 2 Advancing a Feminist Analysis of Transitional Justice Fionnuala Ni Aolain 1. A brief history of presence and engagement 2. The limits of law 3. Conclusion Chapter 3 Feminist Perspectives on Extraordinary Justice David C. Gray and Benjamin A. Levin 1. The moral meaning of violence 2. Intersectional identity and dynamic stability 3. Women and extraordinary justice 4. Women at the nexus 5. Conclusion Chapter 4 Intersectionality: A Feminist Theory for Transitional Justice Eilish Rooney 1. Introduction 2. Travelling modalities 3. Awkward absences 4. Negotiating presence 5. Intersecting transitions 6. ConclusionContents PART 2 FEMINIST LEGAL STRATEGIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES Introduction Chapter 5 International Law, Crisis and Feminist Time Mary H. Hansel 1. Introduction 2. The crisis model of international law and humanitarian intervention 2.1. The nature of the crisis model 2.2. The NATO intervention in Kosovo 2.3. Conclusion 3. The marginalization of women under the crisis model 3.1. White male heroism in the crisis model 3.1.1. The centrality of the hero's rescue 3.1.2. The presumed benevolence of the hero 3.2. The crisis model's effects on women in targeted states 3.2.1. Obscuring the 'international law of everyday life' 3.2.2. Neglecting hardships endured during crisis 3.2.3. Failures to consider women in the aftermath 3.2.4. Conclusion 4. The crisis model's temporal underpinnings 4.1. 'Emergency time' governing the crisis model 4.2. Developing a broader temporal view 4.3. Conclusion 5. Feminist temporal approaches to inform international law 5.1. Predominant strains of feminist temporality and applications to the crisis model 5.1.1. Time as regression 5.1.2. Time as redemption 5.1.3. Time as rupture 5.1.4. Time as repetition 5.2. Conclusion 6. Conclusion Chapter 6 Justice as Practised by Victims of Conflict: Post-World War II Movements as Sites of Engagement and Knowledge Cheah Wui Ling 1. Introduction 2. The response of international law to conflict-related harms: Evolving approaches 2.1. International humanitarian law and international criminal law 2.2. International human rights law 2.3. The 2005 UN Basic Principles 3. The rise and development of post-World War II movements 3.1. The Japanese American redress movement 3.2. The Hibakusha movement and the global anti-nuclear movement 3.3. The 'comfort women' movement 4. Justice as conceptualised by post-World War II movements: Recognition and atonement 4.1. Recognising the suffering and rights of victims 4.2. The atonement of wrongdoers 5. Conclusion: Learning from victims and justice as practised Chapter 7 The Symbolic and Communicative Function of International Criminal Tribunals Teresa Godwin Phelps 1. The early ICTR and ICTY trials 2. Later ICTY and ICTR trials 3. The Special Court for Sierra Leone PART 3 EMERGING ALTERNATIVES WITHIN TR ANSITIONAL JUSTICE Introduction Chapter 8 Sexual Violence Against Women in Armed Conflicts and Restorative Justice: An Exploratory Analysis Estelle Zinsstag 1. Introduction 2. Sexual violence against women in armed conflicts 3. Restorative justice and sexual violence 4. The Sierra Leone Truth Commission: A case study 5. Some points of discussion 6. Conclusion Chapter 9 Greensboro and Beyond: Remediating the Structural Sexism in Truth and Reconciliation Processes and Determining the Potential Impact and Benefits of Truth Processes in the United States Peggy Maisel 1. Introduction 2. Feminist critique of human rights and TRC processes 3. The South African TRC 3.1. Brief history of the development of the TRC 3.2. A 'gender-neutral' TRC 3.3. Comparison to other TRC processes 4. Greensboro 4.1. Establishing the Greensboro TRC 4.2. The Greensboro mandate 4.3. The Commission process 0 4.4. The final report, recommendations, and impact in Greensboro 5. Beyond Greensboro 6. Conclusion Chapter 10 Exclusion of Women in Post-Conflict Peace Processes: Transitional Justice in Northern Uganda Joseph Wasonga 1. Introduction 2. Historical perspective of the conflict in northern Uganda 3. Transitional justice initiatives 4. Place of women in transitional justice in northern Uganda 5. Conclusion Chapter 11 Shifting Paradigms for State Intervention: Gender-Based Violence in Cuba Deborah M. Weissman 1. Introduction 2. Cuba in the international: Human rights as political opportunity structures 3. Objective and subjective elements of gender equality as framework 4. Specific approaches to domestic violence 4.1. Definitions and determinants 4.2. Cuban responses to domestic violence 4.2.1. Research and policy initiatives 4.2.2. Controlling domestic violence through participatory mechanisms 4.3. Legal responses 5. Conclusion PART 4 CASE STUDIES IntroductionChapter 12 Beauty and the Beast: Gender Integration and the Police in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina Lisa R. Muftic and Azra Rasic 1. Introduction 2. Police reformation in Bosnia 3. Gender integration as part of the police reformation process 3.1. Recruitment and training 3.2. Promotion 3.3. Working conditions 3.4. Maternity leave 3.5. Police misconduct 4. Research questions 5. Methods 6. Female Bosnian national police officers 7. Conclusion 8. Limitations & future studies Chapter 13 The Parallel Processes of Law and Social Change: Gender Violence and Work in the United States and South Africa Julie Goldscheid 1. Introduction 2. Context 2.1. Prevalence of abuse 2.2. Women's labor market participation 3. Reform efforts and critiques 4. Gender violence and work 5. South Africa's potential for legal responses 6. Implications for reform 6.1. Limits of litigation and employment law responses 6.2. Challenges of implementation, enforcement and training 6.3. Gender violence in a socio-political context 6.4. Broad-based commitments and difficult conversations 7. Conclusion Chapter 14 Neoliberalism's Impact on Women: A Case Study in Creating Supply and Demand for Human Traffi cking Dina Francesca Haynes 1. Arizona market in context 1.1. Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.2. The first myth: achieving ethnic harmony through market forces 1.3. Human trafficking at Arizona market 1.4. The second myth: the actors on the ground during war should also be making economic development decisions 1.5. Politico-socio-economic engineering: the story of Brcko and its relationship to Arizona market 2. The impact of neoliberalism's market liberalization practices on women 3. Conclusion About the Authors

Martha Albertson Fineman is a Robert W. Woodruff Professor at Emory University School of Law. An internationally recognized scholar, Fineman is a leading authority on family law and feminist jurisprudence. Following graduation from University of Chicago Law School in 1975, she clerked for the Hon. Luther M. Swygert of the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Fineman began her teaching career at the University of Wisconsin in 1976. In 1990, she moved to Columbia University where she was the Maurice T. Moore Professor of Law. Before moving to Emory, she was on the Cornell Law School faculty where she held the Dorothea Clarke Professorship, the fi rst endowed chair in the nation in feminist jurisprudence. Fineman is founder and Director of the Feminism and Legal Th eory (FLT) Project, which was inaugurated in 1984. Th e two most recent collections from the FLT Project edited by Fineman are What Is Right For Children? Th e Competing Paradigms of Religion and Human Rights (with Karen Worthington) and Feminist and Queer Legal Th eory: Intimate Encounters, Uncomfortable Conversations (with Jack E. Jackson and Adam P. Romero ), both published by Ashgate Press in 2009. Fineman also serves as co-director of Emory's Race and Diff erence Initiative and is the director of one of its sub-initiatives, the Vulnerability Studies Project. Estelle Zinsstag is a senior researcher at the Institute of Criminology - KU Leuven (Belgium), and currently working on the FP7 project ALTERNATIVE. She publishes in the fi elds of sexual violence against women, transitional justice, and restorative justice. Her most recent publication is a book she co-edited with Inge Vanfraechem entitled Conferencing and Restorative Justice published by Oxford University Press (2012). She is also the managing editor of a new academic journal entitled Restorative Justice: an International Journal published by Hart Publishing. Previously she has been a senior research offi cer at the European Forum for Restorative Justice, where she was leading a project funded by the European Commission on 'Conferencing: A Way Forward for Restorative Justice in Europe'. In 2008 she completed a Ph.D. entitled 'Sexual Violence against Women in Armed Confl ict: Towards a Transitional Justice Perspective' at the School of Law, Queen's University Belfast (UK).

• Acknowledgments Introduction: Feminist Perspectives on Transitional Justice Martha Albertson Fineman and Estelle Zinsstag PART 1. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES IN CONTEXTS Introduction Chapter 1 International Law and Domestic Gender Justice, or Why Case Studies Matter Catherine O'Rourke 1. Introduction 2. Feminist critiques of international criminal law 2.1. ICL as legally deficient 2.2. ICL as sexualising and infantilising women 2.3. ICL as silencing individual women and more radical feminist critique 2.4. Feminist engagement with ICL as hegemonic and imperialist 3. A 'Boomerang Pattern'? 4. International law, local gender justice? The case of Chile 4.1. Women, gender and transitional justice in a pacted transition 4.2. ICL as legally deficient 4.2.1. Truth, phase 1, the Chilean National Truth and Reconciliation Commission 4.2.2. Truth, phase 2, the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture 4.3. ICL as sexualising and infantilising women 4.3.1. Sexual violence as women's exclusive experience of conflict and repression, obscuring other harms suffered by women, such as socioeconomic harms or the loss of a family member 4.3.2. Focus on sexual violence establishing exclusionary categories of 'ideal' female victimhood that reinforce the restrictive regulation of female sexuality 4.3.3. Focus on women's sexual victimhood marginalising women as agents of political change 4.4. ICL as silencing individual women victims and more radical feminist critiques 4.4.1. Silencing of individual women victims 4.4.2. Engagement with international criminal law as silencing more radical feminist critique 4.5. Feminist engagement with ICL as hegemonic and imperialist 4.5.1. The hazards of governance feminism 4.5.2. Feminism and the imperialist mission of international law 5. Conclusion Chapter 2 Advancing a Feminist Analysis of Transitional Justice Fionnuala Ni Aolain 1. A brief history of presence and engagement 2. The limits of law 3. Conclusion Chapter 3 Feminist Perspectives on Extraordinary Justice David C. Gray and Benjamin A. Levin 1. The moral meaning of violence 2. Intersectional identity and dynamic stability 3. Women and extraordinary justice 4. Women at the nexus 5. Conclusion Chapter 4 Intersectionality: A Feminist Theory for Transitional Justice Eilish Rooney 1. Introduction 2. Travelling modalities 3. Awkward absences 4. Negotiating presence 5. Intersecting transitions 6. ConclusionContents PART 2 FEMINIST LEGAL STRATEGIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES Introduction Chapter 5 International Law, Crisis and Feminist Time Mary H. Hansel 1. Introduction 2. The crisis model of international law and humanitarian intervention 2.1. The nature of the crisis model 2.2. The NATO intervention in Kosovo 2.3. Conclusion 3. The marginalization of women under the crisis model 3.1. White male heroism in the crisis model 3.1.1. The centrality of the hero's rescue 3.1.2. The presumed benevolence of the hero 3.2. The crisis model's effects on women in targeted states 3.2.1. Obscuring the 'international law of everyday life' 3.2.2. Neglecting hardships endured during crisis 3.2.3. Failures to consider women in the aftermath 3.2.4. Conclusion 4. The crisis model's temporal underpinnings 4.1. 'Emergency time' governing the crisis model 4.2. Developing a broader temporal view 4.3. Conclusion 5. Feminist temporal approaches to inform international law 5.1. Predominant strains of feminist temporality and applications to the crisis model 5.1.1. Time as regression 5.1.2. Time as redemption 5.1.3. Time as rupture 5.1.4. Time as repetition 5.2. Conclusion 6. Conclusion Chapter 6 Justice as Practised by Victims of Conflict: Post-World War II Movements as Sites of Engagement and Knowledge Cheah Wui Ling 1. Introduction 2. The response of international law to conflict-related harms: Evolving approaches 2.1. International humanitarian law and international criminal law 2.2. International human rights law 2.3. The 2005 UN Basic Principles 3. The rise and development of post-World War II movements 3.1. The Japanese American redress movement 3.2. The Hibakusha movement and the global anti-nuclear movement 3.3. The 'comfort women' movement 4. Justice as conceptualised by post-World War II movements: Recognition and atonement 4.1. Recognising the suffering and rights of victims 4.2. The atonement of wrongdoers 5. Conclusion: Learning from victims and justice as practised Chapter 7 The Symbolic and Communicative Function of International Criminal Tribunals Teresa Godwin Phelps 1. The early ICTR and ICTY trials 2. Later ICTY and ICTR trials 3. The Special Court for Sierra Leone PART 3 EMERGING ALTERNATIVES WITHIN TR ANSITIONAL JUSTICE Introduction Chapter 8 Sexual Violence Against Women in Armed Conflicts and Restorative Justice: An Exploratory Analysis Estelle Zinsstag 1. Introduction 2. Sexual violence against women in armed conflicts 3. Restorative justice and sexual violence 4. The Sierra Leone Truth Commission: A case study 5. Some points of discussion 6. Conclusion Chapter 9 Greensboro and Beyond: Remediating the Structural Sexism in Truth and Reconciliation Processes and Determining the Potential Impact and Benefits of Truth Processes in the United States Peggy Maisel 1. Introduction 2. Feminist critique of human rights and TRC processes 3. The South African TRC 3.1. Brief history of the development of the TRC 3.2. A 'gender-neutral' TRC 3.3. Comparison to other TRC processes 4. Greensboro 4.1. Establishing the Greensboro TRC 4.2. The Greensboro mandate 4.3. The Commission process 0 4.4. The final report, recommendations, and impact in Greensboro 5. Beyond Greensboro 6. Conclusion Chapter 10 Exclusion of Women in Post-Conflict Peace Processes: Transitional Justice in Northern Uganda Joseph Wasonga 1. Introduction 2. Historical perspective of the conflict in northern Uganda 3. Transitional justice initiatives 4. Place of women in transitional justice in northern Uganda 5. Conclusion Chapter 11 Shifting Paradigms for State Intervention: Gender-Based Violence in Cuba Deborah M. Weissman 1. Introduction 2. Cuba in the international: Human rights as political opportunity structures 3. Objective and subjective elements of gender equality as framework 4. Specific approaches to domestic violence 4.1. Definitions and determinants 4.2. Cuban responses to domestic violence 4.2.1. Research and policy initiatives 4.2.2. Controlling domestic violence through participatory mechanisms 4.3. Legal responses 5. Conclusion PART 4 CASE STUDIES IntroductionChapter 12 Beauty and the Beast: Gender Integration and the Police in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina Lisa R. Muftic and Azra Rasic 1. Introduction 2. Police reformation in Bosnia 3. Gender integration as part of the police reformation process 3.1. Recruitment and training 3.2. Promotion 3.3. Working conditions 3.4. Maternity leave 3.5. Police misconduct 4. Research questions 5. Methods 6. Female Bosnian national police officers 7. Conclusion 8. Limitations & future studies Chapter 13 The Parallel Processes of Law and Social Change: Gender Violence and Work in the United States and South Africa Julie Goldscheid 1. Introduction 2. Context 2.1. Prevalence of abuse 2.2. Women's labor market participation 3. Reform efforts and critiques 4. Gender violence and work 5. South Africa's potential for legal responses 6. Implications for reform 6.1. Limits of litigation and employment law responses 6.2. Challenges of implementation, enforcement and training 6.3. Gender violence in a socio-political context 6.4. Broad-based commitments and difficult conversations 7. Conclusion Chapter 14 Neoliberalism's Impact on Women: A Case Study in Creating Supply and Demand for Human Traffi cking Dina Francesca Haynes 1. Arizona market in context 1.1. Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.2. The first myth: achieving ethnic harmony through market forces 1.3. Human trafficking at Arizona market 1.4. The second myth: the actors on the ground during war should also be making economic development decisions 1.5. Politico-socio-economic engineering: the story of Brcko and its relationship to Arizona market 2. The impact of neoliberalism's market liberalization practices on women 3. Conclusion About the Authors