Hossein Karami is a Lecturer in the English Department, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, at the University of Tehran, Iran. His areas of interest include validity and fairness, especially in the context of language testing. His work has appeared in various journals including Educational Research and Evaluation, RELC Journal, Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, TESOL Journal, and Asia-Pacific Education Review.

• Introduction 1. Ongoing issues in test fairness 2. A "conditional" sense of fairness in assessment 3. The unfairness of equal treatment: objectivity in L2 testing and dynamic assessment 4. The quest for fairness in language testing 5. Decisions that make a difference in detecting differential item functioning 6. Identifying differential item functioning in multi-stage computer adaptive testing 7. Assessing statistical aspects of test fairness with structural equation modelling 8. The formalization of fairness: issues in testing for measurement invariance using subtest scores 9. Generalizability theory and the fair and valid assessment of linguistic minorities