Facing Hydrometeorological Extreme Events

Isabelle La Jeunesse, PhD HDR, is Lecturer in Environmental Geography at the University of Tours and the laboratory CNRS Citeres, Tours, France. Her research focuses on the impacts of human activities on geochemical cycles and on local adaptation to global changes. Corinne Larrue, PR, is full Professor of Urban and Environmental Planning at the Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France, and was co-director of the Paris School of Planning, one of the most important institutes for urban planning in France. She was also Chairwoman of the scientific committee of Seine Normandie Waterboard.

• List of Contributors xviiEditors xxiThe Series Editor xxiiiSeries Preface xxvPart I: Introduction 11 Governance Challenges Facing Hydrometeorological Extreme Events 3Isabelle La Jeunesse and Corinne Larrue1.1 Introduction 31.2 Facing hydrometeorological extreme events 31.3 Floods 51.4 Drought 81.5 Coastal storms 111.6 Governance issues related to hydrometeorological extreme events 15Notes 19References 202 Overview of the Content of the Book 23Isabelle La Jeunesse and Corinne Larrue2.1 Floods 242.2 Droughts 242.3 Coastal storms 24Part II: Floods 27II.1: Actors Involved in Flood Risk Management 293 European Actors Facing Floods Risks 31Thomas Schellenberger3.1 European actors in the field of civil security: A competence which develops within a strict framework of cooperation between the Member States 323.2 European actors in the field of the environment: Powers that are paradoxically limited 343.3 European actors in the field of agriculture: Could there be specific powers to deal with floods? 373.4 Conclusion 39Notes 39References 404 Multi‐actor, Multilevel Assessment of Social Capacity for Community Engagement in Flood Risk Preparedness: Results of Implementation in Five European Cases 41Lila Oriard Colin4.1 Introduction 414.2 Social capacity building framework for community engagement 444.3 The capacity assessment tool 464.4 Indicators and case findings 474.5 Conclusions 52References 53II.2: Strategies, Instruments, and Resources Used to Face Floods 555 Flood Risks Perceptions and Goals/Ambitions 57Ann Crabbé5.1 Introduction 575.2 The problem stream: Perceptions on increased flood risks 585.3 The policy stream: Perceptions on the solutions needed to deal with increased flood risks 605.4 The political stream: Willingness to take action 625.5 International policies 635.6 European directives and policy documents 645.7 Experiences with flood risk management in other countries 655.8 Research on impacts and adaptation 655.9 Economic costs (of inaction) 655.10 Facilitating factors 665.11 Factors contributing to agenda‐setting 665.12 Conclusions 66Note 68References 686 Instruments for Strategies to Face Floods through Prevention, Mitigation, and Preparation in Europe: The Age of Alignment 71Mathilde Gralepois6.1 Introduction 716.2 Conceptual framework 756.3 Comparison. Similarities and differences in flood instruments’ implementation in Europe 776.4 Discussion. Political effects, power relations, and governance choices in flood management: What do flood instruments teach? 866.5 Conclusion 94Notes 94References 95II.3: Lessons from Cases of Flood Governance 997 A House of Cards: The Challenge of Establishing Societal Resilience to Flooding Through Multi‐Layered Governance in England 101Meghan Alexander and Sally Priest7.1 Introduction 1017.2 Deciphering multi‐layered governance 1027.3 Methodology 1037.4 Flood‐risk governance and implications for societal resilience 1057.5 Reflections on the ‘house of cards’ of flood risk governance 110Notes 111References 1118 Understanding Dutch Flood‐Risk Management: Principles and Pitfalls 115Mark Wiering8.1 Introduction 1158.2 Historical background 1168.3 The concept of public interest 1178.4 Solidarity and subsidiarity 1178.5 Resilience 1208.6 Challenges and pitfalls 1208.7 Conclusion and recommendations 121References 1239 Flood Governance in France: From Hegemony to Diversity in the French Flood‐Risk Management Actors’ Network 125Marie Fournier9.1 Flood‐risk management governance: A stakeholders’ network still dominated by central government and municipalities 1269.2 Inter‐municipalities as new players within the French FRM governance 1319.3 Where are citizens in FRM? 1349.4 Conclusion 138Notes 138References 13910 Flood‐Risk Governance in Belgium: Towards a Resilient, Efficient, and Legitimate Arrangement? 141Hannelore Mees10.1 Introduction 14110.2 Evaluation framework 14210.3 Methods 14410.4 Flood risk governance in Belgium 14410.5 Comparing intra‐state developments 14510.6 Evaluating resilience, efficiency, and legitimacy 14910.7 Conclusion 152Notes 153References 153Part III: Droughts 157III.1: Actors Involved in Drought Risk Management 15911 European Actors and Institutions Involved in Water Scarcity and Drought Policy 161Ulf Stein and Ruta Landgrebe11.1 Introduction 16111.2 Actors in the European Union related to WS&D policy 16211.3 Roles and powers of European actors and institutions involved in WS&D policy 16311.4 Mapping European actors and institutions involved in WS&D policy 16511.5 Discussion 16711.6 Conclusion 169References 16912 National and Local Actors of Drought Governance in Europe: A Comparative Review of Six Cases from North‐West Europe 171Gül Özerol12.1 Introduction 17112.2 Methodology 17212.3 Assessment of the national and local actors of drought governance 17412.4 Conclusions and recommendations 182References 186III.2: Strategies, Instruments, and Resources Used to Face Droughts 18913 Awareness of Drought Impacts in Europe: The Cause or the Consequence of the Level of Goal Ambitions? 191Isabelle La Jeunesse13.1 Introduction 19113.2 Drought governance analysis based on two methodological approaches 19213.3 Case studies in NWE 19413.4 Case studies in the Mediterranean region 19613.5 Drought perceptions and goal ambitions in NWE 19713.6 Drought perceptions and goal ambitions in the Mediterranean region 19813.7 Conclusions 199Acknowledgements 201References 20114 Strategies and Instruments to Face Drought and Water Scarcity 203Hans Bressers, Nanny Bressers, and Stefan Kuks14.1 Introduction 20314.2 Reactive measures 20514.3 Preventive measures 20814.4 Adaptive measures 21014.5 Supportive measures 21214.6 Discussion and overview 215References 217III.3: Lessons from Cases of Droughts Governance 21915 Multilevel Governance for Drought Management in Flanders: Using a Centralized and Data Driven Approach 221Jenny Tröltzsch15.1 Introduction 22115.2 Water management in Flanders 22215.3 Past and future drought events 22415.4 Governance dimensions for Flemish drought management 22515.5 Summary and recommendations 229Notes 231References 23116 Drought Governance in the Eifel‐Rur Region: The Interplay of Fixed Frameworks and Strong Working Relationships 233Rodrigo Vidaurre16.1 Introduction 23316.2 The water resources system in the Eifel‐Rur region 23416.3 Beyond the water board: The role of other governance levels in Eifel‐Rur’s water management 23616.4 The drought perspective on Eifel‐Rur’s water governance 23716.5 Conclusions: Factors for current and future success 241Notes 243References 24417 Adaptation of Water Management to Face Drought and Water Scarcity: Lessons Learned from Two Italian Case Studies 245Claudia Cirelli and Isabelle La Jeunesse17.1 Introduction 24517.2 Water management in Italy and the autonomous regime 24617.3 The Rio Mannu catchment 24817.4 The Noce catchment 24917.5 Comparative analysis and discussion 25117.6 Conclusions 256Acknowledgements 257Notes 258References 25818 Power Asymmetries, Migrant Agricultural Labour, and Adaptation Governance in Turkey: A Political Ecology of Double Exposures 261Ethemcan Turhan, Giorgos Kallis, and Christos Zografos18.1 Introduction 26118.2 Double Exposures and political ecology of vulnerability 26318.3 Case study and methods 26518.4 A political ecology of Double Exposure in Kapı village 26818.5 Discussion 27318.6 Conclusion 275Acknowledgements 276Notes 276References 27719 Drought Governance in Catalonia: Lessons Learnt? 283Alba Ballester and Abel La Calle19.1 Introduction 28319.2 Drought management in Spain 28419.3 Drought management in Catalonia 28719.4 Drought crisis in Catalonia 2007–2008 28919.5 Drought planning in Catalonia after the crisis 29619.6 Deliberative public participation in drought management: Need, obligation, and opportunity 29819.7 Conclusions 299Notes 299References 29920 What Could Change Drought Governance in Europe?: A Comparative Analysis between Two Case Studies in France and the UK 301Isabelle La Jeunesse, Hans Bressers, and Alison Browne20.1 Introduction 30120.2 Vilaine catchment and Arzal dam 30220.3 Somerset Levels and moors 30320.4 Methodology 30320.5 Results and discussion 30620.6 Conclusions 310Acknowledgements 311References 311Part IV: Coastal and Wind Storms 313IV.1: Actors Involved in Coastal Risks Prevention and Management 31521 Sustainable Communities and Multilevel Governance in the Age of Coastal Storms 317Yves Henocque21.1 Introduction: Addressing a social‐ecological system 31721.2 Harmonizing coastal management, disaster risk reduction, and climate change adaptation goals through meaningful public participation 31821.3 As a response, are national climate change strategies efficient enough? 32221.4 Key principles and responses for building sustainable, hazard‐resilient communities 32721.5 Conclusion: ‘Hazard‐resilient’ communities vs. ‘waves of adversity’ 335Notes 336References 337IV.2: Strategies, Instruments, and Resources Used to Face Coastal Risks Prevention 33922 European Challenges to Coastal Management from Storm Surges: Problem‐Structuring Framework and Actors Implicated in Responses 341Suzanne Boyes and Michael Elliott22.1 Storm surge threats in European coasts 34122.2 European governance 34622.3 Discussion and conclusions 35422.4 Conclusions 357References 35823 Perceptions of Extreme Coastal Events: The Case of the French Atlantic and Mediterranean Coasts 363Lydie Goeldner‐Gianella and Esmeralda Longépée23.1 Contemporary society is increasingly unaware of risks related to the sea 36523.2 Multiple factors behind the gradual dwindling of the ‘culture of coastal risks’ 37423.3 What recommendations for public policy emerge from this research into the perceptions and representations of risks? 38223.4 Conclusion 387Acknowledgements 387Notes 387References 388IV.3: Lessons from Cases of Coastal Risks Governance 39124 After Xynthia on the Atlantic Coast of France: Preventive Adaptation Methods 393Denis Mercier, Axel Creach, Elie Chevillot‐Miot, and Sophie Pardo24.1 Introduction 39324.2 A normal storm in terms of natural hazard but a major coastal flood due to the concomitance of the meteorological and marine agents 39424.3 A tragic human and expensive material toll due to the addition of natural factors and management issues 39624.4 Post‐Xynthia policy: A new strategy for coastal management in France 39724.5 Life‐saving maps: New geographical tools for a better coastal management 40024.6 Discussion about these different methods 40524.7 Conclusion 407Acknowledgements 408References 40825 Coastal Flooding and Storm Surges: How to Improve the Operational Response of the Risk Management Authorities: An Example of the CRISSIS Research Program on the French Coast of Languedoc 413Brice Anselme, Paul Durand, and Alexandre Nicolae‐Lerma25.1 Introduction 41325.2 The coastal flood hazard and its likely evolution 41725.3 Vulnerability of the stakes 42025.4 Social representations and perceptions of the coastal flooding risk 42325.5 Crisis management 42525.6 Conclusion 428References 43026 Lessons Learnt from Coastal Risks Governance on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean, France 433Virginie K.E. Duvat and Alexandre K. Magnan26.1 Introduction 43326.2 Context of the study 43526.3 Impacts of TC Bejisa and post‐cyclone stakeholders’ responses 44226.4 Key findings and challenges for adaptation to climate change 45226.5 Conclusion 455Acknowledgements 457References 45727 Lessons from Cases of Coastal Risks Governance in the United Kingdom 461Brian Golding, Thomas Waite, and Virginia Murray27.1 Introduction: Windstorms and their impacts in the UK 46127.2 Events that have shaped governance of natural disasters in the UK 46427.3 New developments in the warning environment 47127.4 How the warning systems work now 47327.5 Current and future issues 477References 479Part V: Conclusions, Perspectives 48328 Hydrometeorological Extreme Events’ Effects on Populations: A Cognitive Insight on Post‐Traumatic Growth, Resilience Processes and Mental Well‐Being 485Mauro Galluccio28.1 Introduction 48528.2 Resilient ecological systems for a psychological concept 48728.3 Psychosocial factors and post‐traumatic growth 48728.4 Building resilience to mitigate social vulnerability 48828.5 Post‐traumatic growth: Training for preventive psychological strategies 49028.6 Modern initiatives to coordinate a global governance 49128.7 The EU coordination to build up integrated resilient governance to decrease impacts on health and wellbeing due to hydrometeorological extreme events 49428.8 Elements of conclusion 495References 49629 Overview of Multilevel Governance Strategies for Hydrometeorological Extreme Events 499Corinne Larrue and Isabelle La Jeunesse29.1 Governance specificities depending on hydrometeorological extreme events 50029.2 Actor systems facing hydrometeorological extreme events 50229.3 Perception and strategies 504Note 504Index 505