Michael Carl is a Professor at Kent State University/USA and Director of the Center for Research and Innovation in Translation and Translation Technology (CRITT). He has published widely in the fields on machine translation, natural language processing and cognitive translation studies. His current research interest is related to the investigation of human translation processes and interactive machine translation.

• Introduction.- Part 1: Translation segmentation and translation difficulty.- 1. Micro Units and the First Translational Response Universal.- 2. Metrics of syntactic equivalence to assess translation difficulty.- 3. Entropy and eye movement: A micro analysis of information processing in activity units during the translation process.- 4. Translating Chinese Neologisms without Knowledge of Context: An Exploratory Analysis of an Eye-tracking and Key-logging Experiment.- 5. Translation Norms, Translation Behavior, and Continuous Vector Space Models.- Part 2:Translation and entropy.- 6. Information and Entropy Measures of Rendered Literal Translation.- 7. redBird: Rendering Entropy Data and source-text Background Information into a Rich Discourse on Translation.- 8. Using a product metric to identify differential cognitive effort in translation from Japanese to English and Spanish.- 9. Analysing the effects of lexical cognates on translationproperties: a multi-variate product and process based approach.- Part 3: Translation Technology, Quality and Effort.- 10. Editing actions: a missing link between Translation Process Research and Machine Translation Research.- 11. Word-level HTER edits as indicators of cognitive effort in post-editing.- 12. What do you say? Comparison of temporal, technical and cognitive dimension measurements for post-editing effort.- 13. Measuring effort in subprocesses of subtitling: The case of post-editing via pivot language.- 14. Translating science fiction in a CAT tool: post-editing effort and text segmentation.- 15. Ecological-enactive approach to translation.