Ying Liu is an associate research fellow at the Institute of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Fudan University. Her research interests include formal semantics, experimental semantics, and Chinese grammar.

• 1 Introduction 1.1 The data 1.2 The problem 1.3 Aim and methods 1.3.1 Aim 1.3.2 Empirical methods 1.3.3 Typological investigations 1.4 Major findings 1.5 The organization of the book 2 Theoretical background 2.1 Information Structure 2.2 Focus 2.2.1 What is focus?2.2.2 Types of focus 2.2.3 Focus Marking 2.3 Multi-dimensionality and types of meaning 2.3.1 Assertion vs Presupposition 2.3.2 Implicatures 2.3.3 Features of entailment, presupposition, and implicature 2.4 Question Under Discussion 2.4.1 Question semantics and focus semantics 2.4.2 CQ congruence and DQ relevance 3 Clefts and the related structures 3.1 What is cleft construction? 3.2 Prototypical and non-prototypical clefts 3.2.1 Prototypical clefts 3.2.2 Non-prototypical clefts 3.3 Related structures 3.3.1 Pseudo-clefts 3.3.2 Definite specificational sentences 3.4 Shi…de and its related structures 3.4.1 Shi…de 3.4.2 Bare shi sentences 3.4.3 Bare de sentences 3.4.4 Pseudo-clefts and definite specificational sentences 3.4.5 Verum focus, propositional assertion, and sentence-initial shi 3.5 Interim discussion 4 The interpretation of clefts 4.1 Previous treatments of clefts’ exhaustivity 4.1.1 The assertion account 4.1.2 The presupposition account 4.1.3 The conversational implicature account 4.1.4 Empirical evidence 4.2 Contrastivity and the interpretation of clefts 4.2.1 What is contrastivity?4.2.2 Empirical evidence 4.2.3 Contrastivity and Chinese shi…(de) clefts 4.3 Experimental studies on the interpretation of Mandarin clefts 4.3.1 Experiment 1: Large-scale corpus and web-based experimental study 4.3.2 Experiments 2-4: the status of exhaustivity 4.4 General discussion 5. A unified analysis of shi-clefts 5.1 Unique identification and the semantics of bare shi 5.1.1 Unique identification 5.1.2 The derivation of the semantics of shi 5.1.3 The status of exhaustivity 5.2 Extending the current analysis to related structures 5.2.1 Empirical foundations of the uniform analysis 5.2.2 The analysis of the related structures 5.3 Interim discussion 6. The semantics of de 6.1 Previous analyses 6.1.1 What de cannot be 6.1.2 The aspect marker analyses 6.1.3 Evidentiality and emphatic effect analyses 6.2 Two types of de 6.3 Verum focus de and emphatic effects 6.3.1 De independently manifests emphatic effects 6.3.2 What are the emphatic effects? 6.3.3 Verum shi and de 6.4 Cleft focus de and perfectivity 6.4.1 Perfectivity 6.4.2 de, le, and guo 6.5 Interim discussion 7. Conclusion References Index