R. K. Devlin is an independent scholar in the USA. She holds a BS in exercise physiology, an MBS in biomechanics, and an MD with specialization in infectious diseases.

• Alphabetical List of EntriesThematic List of EntriesIntroduction A–Z EntriesAerial Arts and Pole DancingAerobicsAesthetics TrainingAgilityAlcohol and Athletic PerformanceAmerican College of Sports MedicineAmerican Council on ExerciseAnabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004Anabolism and CatabolismAnaerobic ExerciseArcheryAthletics and Fitness Association of AmericaBadmintonBalanceBalletBarriers to Exercise, EconomicBarriers to Exercise, MentalBarriers to Exercise, PhysicalBarriers to Exercise, Social and CulturalBaseball and SoftballBasketballBeachbodyBelly DanceBicepsBiggest Loser, TheBikingBlanks, BillyBlood Pressure and ExerciseBlood Sugar and ExerciseBody Mass IndexBodybuildingBodyweight ExerciseBone Density and ExerciseBoxingBrachioradialisBronchoconstriction, Exercise-InducedBulking and CuttingCaffeine and ExerciseCanoeing, Kayaking, and PaddleboardingCardiovascular Disease and ExerciseCardiovascular ExerciseCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCerebrovascular Disease and ExerciseCheerleadingCholesterol and ExerciseCircuit TrainingClimbing, IceClimbing, MountainClimbing, RockClothing and Footwear, AthleticConcussionsConnective TissuesCore TrainingCouch to 5KCrossFitCross-TrainingDanceDehydrationDelayed-Onset Muscle SorenessDeltoidsDHEADiabetes and ExerciseDisabilities and ExerciseDisc GolfDyspnea, Exercise-InducedEmotional Health and ExerciseEndurance, CardiorespiratoryEndurance, MuscularErector SpinaeErgogenic AidsExercise Equipment and GearExercise IndustryExercise IntoleranceExercise ScienceFascial InjuriesFitness and Figure CompetitionsFitness Apps and InfluencersFitness Books and MagazinesFitness Testing and AssessmentFixx, JimFlexibilityFonda, JaneFootballFracture, BoneGastrocnemius and SoleusGlutealsGlycogenGolfGymnasticsGyms and Recreational CentersHamstringsHealthy People 2030HikingHip AdductorsHip FlexorsHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Ancient WorldHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the United StatesHockey, FieldHockey, IceHorseback RidingHorton, TonyHuman Growth HormoneHydrationIliotibial Band SyndromeInactivity, Physical and Psychological Consequences ofInterval TrainingIsometricsJazzerciseJenkins, JeanetteJumping RopeKickboxingKinesiologyLacrosseLactic AcidLatissimus DorsiLee, Jennifer NicoleLifestyle Physical ActivityMartial ArtsMaximal Oxygen UptakeMeditation and ExerciseMeniscal TearMercuriale, GirolamoMichaels, JillianMuscle CrampsMuscle DysmorphiaMuscle FatigueMuscle ImbalanceMuscle InjuriesMuscles of the Ankle and FootMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Wrist and HandNational Academy of Sports MedicineNational Association for Sport and Physical EducationNational Strength and Conditioning AssociationNutrition and ExerciseObliquesOccupational Physical ActivityOvertraining SyndromeOveruse InjuriesPectoralisPerformance-Enhancing Drugs and TechniquesPersonal TrainerPerspirationPhysical Education and School Sports, Funding forPhysical FitnessPhysical Rehabilitation and TherapyPickleballPilatesPlay as ExercisePlyometricsPoloPosturePower and StrengthPregnancy and ExercisePresident’s Fitness ChallengeProtein SupplementationQuadricepsQuetelet, AdolpheRhomboidsRoid RageRotator CuffRugbyRunning, Cross-CountryRunning, Long-DistanceRunning, RecreationalSchwarzenegger, ArnoldSelf-Esteem and ExerciseSenior Citizens and ExerciseShin SplintsSide StitchSimmons, RichardSkateboardingSkating, Figure and SpeedSkating, Roller and InlineSkiingSnowboardingSoccerSociety of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE America)SpinningSports Influences on Body ImageSports MedicineSports PsychologySports, CollegeSports, High SchoolSports, ProfessionalSports, RecreationalSprain, LigamentStrength TrainingStress and ExerciseStretchingSurfingSwimmingSyncope, Exercise-InducedTable TennisTendon InjuriesTennisTrack and FieldTrampolineTrapeziusTricepsUltimateVolleyballWalkingWarm-Up and CooldownWater PoloWebb, TamileeWeight Gain and ExerciseWeight Loss and ExerciseWeightliftingWorksite Wellness ProgramsWrestlingYogaZumbaANATOMY AbdominalsBicepsBrachioradialisConnective TissuesDeltoidsErector SpinaeGastrocnemius and SoleusGlutealsHamstringsHip AdductorsHip FlexorsLatissimus DorsiMuscles of the Ankle and FootMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Wrist and HandObliquesPectoralisQuadricepsRhomboidsRotator CuffTrapeziusTricepsBASIC SCIENCE AND CONCEPTS AgilityAlcohol and Athletic PerformanceAnabolism and CatabolismAnaerobic ExerciseBalanceBody Mass IndexCaffeine and ExerciseCardiovascular ExerciseDehydrationDelayed-Onset Muscle SorenessDyspnea, Exercise-InducedExercise ScienceFitness Testing and AssessmentFlexibilityGlycogenHydrationKinesiologyLactic AcidMaximal Oxygen UptakeMeditation and ExerciseMuscle FatigueNutrition and ExercisePerspirationPhysical FitnessPosturePower and StrengthPregnancy and ExerciseSenior Citizens and ExerciseSports MedicineSports PsychologyWarm-Up and CooldownPRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Aerial Arts and Pole DancingAerobicsAesthetics TrainingArcheryBadmintonBalletBaseball and SoftballBasketballBelly DanceBikingBodybuildingBodyweight ExerciseBoxingCanoeing, Kayaking, and PaddleboardingCheerleadingCircuit TrainingClimbing, IceClimbing, MountainClimbing, RockCore TrainingCross-TrainingDanceDisc GolfFootballGolfGymnasticsHikingHockey, FieldHockey, IceHorseback RidingInterval TrainingIsometricsJazzerciseJumping RopeKickboxingLacrosseLifestyle Physical ActivityMartial ArtsOccupational Physical ActivityPickleballPilatesPlay as ExercisePlyometricsPoloRugbyRunning, Cross-CountryRunning, Long-DistanceRunning, RecreationalSkateboardingSkating, Figure and SpeedSkating, Roller and InlineSkiingSnowboardingSoccerSpinningSports, RecreationalStrength TrainingStretchingSurfingSwimmingTable TennisTennisTrack and FieldTrampolineUltimateVolleyballWalkingWater PoloWeightliftingWrestlingYogaZumbaHEALTH BENEFITS AND RISKS Blood Pressure and ExerciseBlood Sugar and ExerciseBone Density and ExerciseBronchoconstriction, Exercise-InducedBulking and CuttingCardiovascular Disease and ExerciseCerebrovascular Disease and ExerciseCholesterol and ExerciseConcussionsDHEADiabetes and ExerciseDisabilities and ExerciseEmotional Health and ExerciseEndurance, CardiorespiratoryEndurance, MuscularErgogenic AidsExercise IntoleranceFascial InjuriesFracture, BoneHuman Growth HormoneIliotibial Band SyndromeInactivity, Physical and Psychological Consequences ofMeniscal TearMuscle CrampsMuscle DysmorphiaMuscle ImbalanceMuscle InjuriesOvertraining SyndromeOveruse InjuriesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs and TechniquesPhysical Rehabilitation and TherapyProtein SupplementationRoid RageSelf-Esteem and ExerciseShin SplintsSide StitchSports Influences on Body ImageSprain, LigamentStress and ExerciseSyncope, Exercise-InducedTendon InjuriesWeight Gain and ExerciseWeight Loss and ExerciseEXERCISE AND SOCIETY American College of Sports MedicineAmerican Council on ExerciseAnabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004Athletics and Fitness Association of AmericaBarriers to Exercise, EconomicBarriers to Exercise, MentalBarriers to Exercise, PhysicalBarriers to Exercise, Social and CulturalBeachbodyBiggest Loser, TheBlanks, BillyCenters for Disease Control and PreventionClothing and Footwear, AthleticCouch to 5KCrossFitExercise Equipment and GearExercise IndustryFitness and Figure CompetitionsFitness Apps and InfluencersFitness Books and MagazinesFixx, JimFonda, JaneGyms and Recreational CentersHealthy People 2030History of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Ancient WorldHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the United StatesHorton, TonyJenkins, JeanetteLee, Jennifer NicoleMercuriale, GirolamoMichaels, JillianNational Academy of Sports MedicineNational Association for Sport and Physical EducationNational Strength and Conditioning AssociationPersonal TrainerPhysical Education and School Sports, Funding forPresident’s Fitness ChallengeQuetelet, AdolpheSchwarzenegger, ArnoldSimmons, RichardSociety of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE America)Sports, CollegeSports, High SchoolSports, ProfessionalWebb, TamileeWorksite Wellness ProgramGlossaryDirectory of ResourcesAbout the Editor and ContributorsIndex

R. K. Devlin is an independent scholar in the USA. She holds a BS in exercise physiology, an MBS in biomechanics, and an MD with specialization in infectious diseases.

• Alphabetical List of EntriesThematic List of EntriesIntroduction A–Z EntriesAerial Arts and Pole DancingAerobicsAesthetics TrainingAgilityAlcohol and Athletic PerformanceAmerican College of Sports MedicineAmerican Council on ExerciseAnabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004Anabolism and CatabolismAnaerobic ExerciseArcheryAthletics and Fitness Association of AmericaBadmintonBalanceBalletBarriers to Exercise, EconomicBarriers to Exercise, MentalBarriers to Exercise, PhysicalBarriers to Exercise, Social and CulturalBaseball and SoftballBasketballBeachbodyBelly DanceBicepsBiggest Loser, TheBikingBlanks, BillyBlood Pressure and ExerciseBlood Sugar and ExerciseBody Mass IndexBodybuildingBodyweight ExerciseBone Density and ExerciseBoxingBrachioradialisBronchoconstriction, Exercise-InducedBulking and CuttingCaffeine and ExerciseCanoeing, Kayaking, and PaddleboardingCardiovascular Disease and ExerciseCardiovascular ExerciseCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCerebrovascular Disease and ExerciseCheerleadingCholesterol and ExerciseCircuit TrainingClimbing, IceClimbing, MountainClimbing, RockClothing and Footwear, AthleticConcussionsConnective TissuesCore TrainingCouch to 5KCrossFitCross-TrainingDanceDehydrationDelayed-Onset Muscle SorenessDeltoidsDHEADiabetes and ExerciseDisabilities and ExerciseDisc GolfDyspnea, Exercise-InducedEmotional Health and ExerciseEndurance, CardiorespiratoryEndurance, MuscularErector SpinaeErgogenic AidsExercise Equipment and GearExercise IndustryExercise IntoleranceExercise ScienceFascial InjuriesFitness and Figure CompetitionsFitness Apps and InfluencersFitness Books and MagazinesFitness Testing and AssessmentFixx, JimFlexibilityFonda, JaneFootballFracture, BoneGastrocnemius and SoleusGlutealsGlycogenGolfGymnasticsGyms and Recreational CentersHamstringsHealthy People 2030HikingHip AdductorsHip FlexorsHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Ancient WorldHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the United StatesHockey, FieldHockey, IceHorseback RidingHorton, TonyHuman Growth HormoneHydrationIliotibial Band SyndromeInactivity, Physical and Psychological Consequences ofInterval TrainingIsometricsJazzerciseJenkins, JeanetteJumping RopeKickboxingKinesiologyLacrosseLactic AcidLatissimus DorsiLee, Jennifer NicoleLifestyle Physical ActivityMartial ArtsMaximal Oxygen UptakeMeditation and ExerciseMeniscal TearMercuriale, GirolamoMichaels, JillianMuscle CrampsMuscle DysmorphiaMuscle FatigueMuscle ImbalanceMuscle InjuriesMuscles of the Ankle and FootMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Wrist and HandNational Academy of Sports MedicineNational Association for Sport and Physical EducationNational Strength and Conditioning AssociationNutrition and ExerciseObliquesOccupational Physical ActivityOvertraining SyndromeOveruse InjuriesPectoralisPerformance-Enhancing Drugs and TechniquesPersonal TrainerPerspirationPhysical Education and School Sports, Funding forPhysical FitnessPhysical Rehabilitation and TherapyPickleballPilatesPlay as ExercisePlyometricsPoloPosturePower and StrengthPregnancy and ExercisePresident’s Fitness ChallengeProtein SupplementationQuadricepsQuetelet, AdolpheRhomboidsRoid RageRotator CuffRugbyRunning, Cross-CountryRunning, Long-DistanceRunning, RecreationalSchwarzenegger, ArnoldSelf-Esteem and ExerciseSenior Citizens and ExerciseShin SplintsSide StitchSimmons, RichardSkateboardingSkating, Figure and SpeedSkating, Roller and InlineSkiingSnowboardingSoccerSociety of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE America)SpinningSports Influences on Body ImageSports MedicineSports PsychologySports, CollegeSports, High SchoolSports, ProfessionalSports, RecreationalSprain, LigamentStrength TrainingStress and ExerciseStretchingSurfingSwimmingSyncope, Exercise-InducedTable TennisTendon InjuriesTennisTrack and FieldTrampolineTrapeziusTricepsUltimateVolleyballWalkingWarm-Up and CooldownWater PoloWebb, TamileeWeight Gain and ExerciseWeight Loss and ExerciseWeightliftingWorksite Wellness ProgramsWrestlingYogaZumbaANATOMY AbdominalsBicepsBrachioradialisConnective TissuesDeltoidsErector SpinaeGastrocnemius and SoleusGlutealsHamstringsHip AdductorsHip FlexorsLatissimus DorsiMuscles of the Ankle and FootMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Wrist and HandObliquesPectoralisQuadricepsRhomboidsRotator CuffTrapeziusTricepsBASIC SCIENCE AND CONCEPTS AgilityAlcohol and Athletic PerformanceAnabolism and CatabolismAnaerobic ExerciseBalanceBody Mass IndexCaffeine and ExerciseCardiovascular ExerciseDehydrationDelayed-Onset Muscle SorenessDyspnea, Exercise-InducedExercise ScienceFitness Testing and AssessmentFlexibilityGlycogenHydrationKinesiologyLactic AcidMaximal Oxygen UptakeMeditation and ExerciseMuscle FatigueNutrition and ExercisePerspirationPhysical FitnessPosturePower and StrengthPregnancy and ExerciseSenior Citizens and ExerciseSports MedicineSports PsychologyWarm-Up and CooldownPRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Aerial Arts and Pole DancingAerobicsAesthetics TrainingArcheryBadmintonBalletBaseball and SoftballBasketballBelly DanceBikingBodybuildingBodyweight ExerciseBoxingCanoeing, Kayaking, and PaddleboardingCheerleadingCircuit TrainingClimbing, IceClimbing, MountainClimbing, RockCore TrainingCross-TrainingDanceDisc GolfFootballGolfGymnasticsHikingHockey, FieldHockey, IceHorseback RidingInterval TrainingIsometricsJazzerciseJumping RopeKickboxingLacrosseLifestyle Physical ActivityMartial ArtsOccupational Physical ActivityPickleballPilatesPlay as ExercisePlyometricsPoloRugbyRunning, Cross-CountryRunning, Long-DistanceRunning, RecreationalSkateboardingSkating, Figure and SpeedSkating, Roller and InlineSkiingSnowboardingSoccerSpinningSports, RecreationalStrength TrainingStretchingSurfingSwimmingTable TennisTennisTrack and FieldTrampolineUltimateVolleyballWalkingWater PoloWeightliftingWrestlingYogaZumbaHEALTH BENEFITS AND RISKS Blood Pressure and ExerciseBlood Sugar and ExerciseBone Density and ExerciseBronchoconstriction, Exercise-InducedBulking and CuttingCardiovascular Disease and ExerciseCerebrovascular Disease and ExerciseCholesterol and ExerciseConcussionsDHEADiabetes and ExerciseDisabilities and ExerciseEmotional Health and ExerciseEndurance, CardiorespiratoryEndurance, MuscularErgogenic AidsExercise IntoleranceFascial InjuriesFracture, BoneHuman Growth HormoneIliotibial Band SyndromeInactivity, Physical and Psychological Consequences ofMeniscal TearMuscle CrampsMuscle DysmorphiaMuscle ImbalanceMuscle InjuriesOvertraining SyndromeOveruse InjuriesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs and TechniquesPhysical Rehabilitation and TherapyProtein SupplementationRoid RageSelf-Esteem and ExerciseShin SplintsSide StitchSports Influences on Body ImageSprain, LigamentStress and ExerciseSyncope, Exercise-InducedTendon InjuriesWeight Gain and ExerciseWeight Loss and ExerciseEXERCISE AND SOCIETY American College of Sports MedicineAmerican Council on ExerciseAnabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004Athletics and Fitness Association of AmericaBarriers to Exercise, EconomicBarriers to Exercise, MentalBarriers to Exercise, PhysicalBarriers to Exercise, Social and CulturalBeachbodyBiggest Loser, TheBlanks, BillyCenters for Disease Control and PreventionClothing and Footwear, AthleticCouch to 5KCrossFitExercise Equipment and GearExercise IndustryFitness and Figure CompetitionsFitness Apps and InfluencersFitness Books and MagazinesFixx, JimFonda, JaneGyms and Recreational CentersHealthy People 2030History of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Ancient WorldHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the United StatesHorton, TonyJenkins, JeanetteLee, Jennifer NicoleMercuriale, GirolamoMichaels, JillianNational Academy of Sports MedicineNational Association for Sport and Physical EducationNational Strength and Conditioning AssociationPersonal TrainerPhysical Education and School Sports, Funding forPresident’s Fitness ChallengeQuetelet, AdolpheSchwarzenegger, ArnoldSimmons, RichardSociety of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE America)Sports, CollegeSports, High SchoolSports, ProfessionalWebb, TamileeWorksite Wellness ProgramGlossaryDirectory of ResourcesAbout the Editor and ContributorsIndex

R. K. Devlin is an independent scholar in the USA. She holds a BS in exercise physiology, an MBS in biomechanics, and an MD with specialization in infectious diseases.

• Alphabetical List of EntriesThematic List of EntriesIntroduction A–Z EntriesAerial Arts and Pole DancingAerobicsAesthetics TrainingAgilityAlcohol and Athletic PerformanceAmerican College of Sports MedicineAmerican Council on ExerciseAnabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004Anabolism and CatabolismAnaerobic ExerciseArcheryAthletics and Fitness Association of AmericaBadmintonBalanceBalletBarriers to Exercise, EconomicBarriers to Exercise, MentalBarriers to Exercise, PhysicalBarriers to Exercise, Social and CulturalBaseball and SoftballBasketballBeachbodyBelly DanceBicepsBiggest Loser, TheBikingBlanks, BillyBlood Pressure and ExerciseBlood Sugar and ExerciseBody Mass IndexBodybuildingBodyweight ExerciseBone Density and ExerciseBoxingBrachioradialisBronchoconstriction, Exercise-InducedBulking and CuttingCaffeine and ExerciseCanoeing, Kayaking, and PaddleboardingCardiovascular Disease and ExerciseCardiovascular ExerciseCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCerebrovascular Disease and ExerciseCheerleadingCholesterol and ExerciseCircuit TrainingClimbing, IceClimbing, MountainClimbing, RockClothing and Footwear, AthleticConcussionsConnective TissuesCore TrainingCouch to 5KCrossFitCross-TrainingDanceDehydrationDelayed-Onset Muscle SorenessDeltoidsDHEADiabetes and ExerciseDisabilities and ExerciseDisc GolfDyspnea, Exercise-InducedEmotional Health and ExerciseEndurance, CardiorespiratoryEndurance, MuscularErector SpinaeErgogenic AidsExercise Equipment and GearExercise IndustryExercise IntoleranceExercise ScienceFascial InjuriesFitness and Figure CompetitionsFitness Apps and InfluencersFitness Books and MagazinesFitness Testing and AssessmentFixx, JimFlexibilityFonda, JaneFootballFracture, BoneGastrocnemius and SoleusGlutealsGlycogenGolfGymnasticsGyms and Recreational CentersHamstringsHealthy People 2030HikingHip AdductorsHip FlexorsHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Ancient WorldHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the United StatesHockey, FieldHockey, IceHorseback RidingHorton, TonyHuman Growth HormoneHydrationIliotibial Band SyndromeInactivity, Physical and Psychological Consequences ofInterval TrainingIsometricsJazzerciseJenkins, JeanetteJumping RopeKickboxingKinesiologyLacrosseLactic AcidLatissimus DorsiLee, Jennifer NicoleLifestyle Physical ActivityMartial ArtsMaximal Oxygen UptakeMeditation and ExerciseMeniscal TearMercuriale, GirolamoMichaels, JillianMuscle CrampsMuscle DysmorphiaMuscle FatigueMuscle ImbalanceMuscle InjuriesMuscles of the Ankle and FootMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Wrist and HandNational Academy of Sports MedicineNational Association for Sport and Physical EducationNational Strength and Conditioning AssociationNutrition and ExerciseObliquesOccupational Physical ActivityOvertraining SyndromeOveruse InjuriesPectoralisPerformance-Enhancing Drugs and TechniquesPersonal TrainerPerspirationPhysical Education and School Sports, Funding forPhysical FitnessPhysical Rehabilitation and TherapyPickleballPilatesPlay as ExercisePlyometricsPoloPosturePower and StrengthPregnancy and ExercisePresident’s Fitness ChallengeProtein SupplementationQuadricepsQuetelet, AdolpheRhomboidsRoid RageRotator CuffRugbyRunning, Cross-CountryRunning, Long-DistanceRunning, RecreationalSchwarzenegger, ArnoldSelf-Esteem and ExerciseSenior Citizens and ExerciseShin SplintsSide StitchSimmons, RichardSkateboardingSkating, Figure and SpeedSkating, Roller and InlineSkiingSnowboardingSoccerSociety of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE America)SpinningSports Influences on Body ImageSports MedicineSports PsychologySports, CollegeSports, High SchoolSports, ProfessionalSports, RecreationalSprain, LigamentStrength TrainingStress and ExerciseStretchingSurfingSwimmingSyncope, Exercise-InducedTable TennisTendon InjuriesTennisTrack and FieldTrampolineTrapeziusTricepsUltimateVolleyballWalkingWarm-Up and CooldownWater PoloWebb, TamileeWeight Gain and ExerciseWeight Loss and ExerciseWeightliftingWorksite Wellness ProgramsWrestlingYogaZumbaANATOMY AbdominalsBicepsBrachioradialisConnective TissuesDeltoidsErector SpinaeGastrocnemius and SoleusGlutealsHamstringsHip AdductorsHip FlexorsLatissimus DorsiMuscles of the Ankle and FootMuscles of the NeckMuscles of the Wrist and HandObliquesPectoralisQuadricepsRhomboidsRotator CuffTrapeziusTricepsBASIC SCIENCE AND CONCEPTS AgilityAlcohol and Athletic PerformanceAnabolism and CatabolismAnaerobic ExerciseBalanceBody Mass IndexCaffeine and ExerciseCardiovascular ExerciseDehydrationDelayed-Onset Muscle SorenessDyspnea, Exercise-InducedExercise ScienceFitness Testing and AssessmentFlexibilityGlycogenHydrationKinesiologyLactic AcidMaximal Oxygen UptakeMeditation and ExerciseMuscle FatigueNutrition and ExercisePerspirationPhysical FitnessPosturePower and StrengthPregnancy and ExerciseSenior Citizens and ExerciseSports MedicineSports PsychologyWarm-Up and CooldownPRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Aerial Arts and Pole DancingAerobicsAesthetics TrainingArcheryBadmintonBalletBaseball and SoftballBasketballBelly DanceBikingBodybuildingBodyweight ExerciseBoxingCanoeing, Kayaking, and PaddleboardingCheerleadingCircuit TrainingClimbing, IceClimbing, MountainClimbing, RockCore TrainingCross-TrainingDanceDisc GolfFootballGolfGymnasticsHikingHockey, FieldHockey, IceHorseback RidingInterval TrainingIsometricsJazzerciseJumping RopeKickboxingLacrosseLifestyle Physical ActivityMartial ArtsOccupational Physical ActivityPickleballPilatesPlay as ExercisePlyometricsPoloRugbyRunning, Cross-CountryRunning, Long-DistanceRunning, RecreationalSkateboardingSkating, Figure and SpeedSkating, Roller and InlineSkiingSnowboardingSoccerSpinningSports, RecreationalStrength TrainingStretchingSurfingSwimmingTable TennisTennisTrack and FieldTrampolineUltimateVolleyballWalkingWater PoloWeightliftingWrestlingYogaZumbaHEALTH BENEFITS AND RISKS Blood Pressure and ExerciseBlood Sugar and ExerciseBone Density and ExerciseBronchoconstriction, Exercise-InducedBulking and CuttingCardiovascular Disease and ExerciseCerebrovascular Disease and ExerciseCholesterol and ExerciseConcussionsDHEADiabetes and ExerciseDisabilities and ExerciseEmotional Health and ExerciseEndurance, CardiorespiratoryEndurance, MuscularErgogenic AidsExercise IntoleranceFascial InjuriesFracture, BoneHuman Growth HormoneIliotibial Band SyndromeInactivity, Physical and Psychological Consequences ofMeniscal TearMuscle CrampsMuscle DysmorphiaMuscle ImbalanceMuscle InjuriesOvertraining SyndromeOveruse InjuriesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs and TechniquesPhysical Rehabilitation and TherapyProtein SupplementationRoid RageSelf-Esteem and ExerciseShin SplintsSide StitchSports Influences on Body ImageSprain, LigamentStress and ExerciseSyncope, Exercise-InducedTendon InjuriesWeight Gain and ExerciseWeight Loss and ExerciseEXERCISE AND SOCIETY American College of Sports MedicineAmerican Council on ExerciseAnabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004Athletics and Fitness Association of AmericaBarriers to Exercise, EconomicBarriers to Exercise, MentalBarriers to Exercise, PhysicalBarriers to Exercise, Social and CulturalBeachbodyBiggest Loser, TheBlanks, BillyCenters for Disease Control and PreventionClothing and Footwear, AthleticCouch to 5KCrossFitExercise Equipment and GearExercise IndustryFitness and Figure CompetitionsFitness Apps and InfluencersFitness Books and MagazinesFixx, JimFonda, JaneGyms and Recreational CentersHealthy People 2030History of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Ancient WorldHistory of Exercise and Physical Activity in the United StatesHorton, TonyJenkins, JeanetteLee, Jennifer NicoleMercuriale, GirolamoMichaels, JillianNational Academy of Sports MedicineNational Association for Sport and Physical EducationNational Strength and Conditioning AssociationPersonal TrainerPhysical Education and School Sports, Funding forPresident’s Fitness ChallengeQuetelet, AdolpheSchwarzenegger, ArnoldSimmons, RichardSociety of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE America)Sports, CollegeSports, High SchoolSports, ProfessionalWebb, TamileeWorksite Wellness ProgramGlossaryDirectory of ResourcesAbout the Editor and ContributorsIndex