Evolutionary Biology

1 George Gaylord Simpson: His Life and Works to the Present.- 2 Phylogeny and Paleontology.- Nature of Paleontological Data.- Homology and Polarity.- Phylogeny as a Theory of Relationships.- Determination of Relationships.- Summary and Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3 The Origin of Faunas. Evolution of Lizard Congeners in a Complex Island Fauna: A Trial Analysis.- West Indian Anoles, Size and Ecological Principles.- The Lesser Antilles: Model for a Model.- The Model Tested.- A Look Back from the New Vantage Point.- From the Special to the General: The Origin of Faunas.- Conclusions.- Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4 Allometric Fallacies and the Evolution of Gryphaea: A New Interpretation Based on Whites Criterion of Geometric Similarity.- Of Oysters and Orthogenesis.- Allometric Fallacies.- The Evolution of Gryphaea: A New Interpretation.- Summary.- Appendix: On Philips Critique of Burnabys Equations.- Postscript.- References.- 5 The Vertebrate as a Dual AnimalSomatic and Visceral.- Somatic vs. Visceral Musculature.- Somatic vs. Visceral Skeletal Systems.- Somatic and Visceral Nerve Components.- Lower Chordates.- References.- 6 Lystrosaurus and Gondwanaland.- The Modern Geological Revolution.- Paleontological Discoveries.- The Lystrosaurus Fauna in Africa.- The Lystrosaurus Fauna in Antarctica.- The Problem of South America.- Lystrosaurus in India.- The Range of the Lystrosaurus Fauna.- Lystrosaurus in China.- A New World.- References.- 7 Was Europe Connected Directly to North America Prior to the Middle Eocene?.- References.- 8 The Evolution of the Tongue of Snakes, and its Bearing on Snake Origins.- The Generalized Lizard Stage.- The Chewing Stage with Retractile Fore-tongue.- The Frictional Gulping Stage.- The Nonlingual Gulping Stage.- The Snake Stage.- Tongue Structure and the Origin of Snakes.- Platynotan Features of Snakes.- Reasons for not Regarding the Varanidae as True Ancestors of Snakes 265 Conclusions: The Tongue as a Conservative Taxonomic Character.- Acknowledgments.- Abbreviations Used on Figures.- References.- 9 The Trisulcate Petrosal Pattern of Mammals.- Historical Review.- Description.- Discussion.- Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 10 Holarctic Evolution and Dispersal of Squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae).- Basic Adaptive Types.- The Fossil Record.- Miocene.- Pliocene.- Tertiary Dispersal Patterns.- Pleistocene.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 11 Relationships, Origins, and History of the Ceboid Monkeys and Caviomorph Rodents: A Modern Reinterpretation.- Major Features of South American Mammalian History 325 Ancient Mammalian Stock and Arrival of the Earliest.- Neotherida in South America.- Former Classifications.- Transoceanic Migrations or Parallelism?.- The Search for North American Ancestors.- Anatomical Arguments for and Against an African Origin of the Caviomorpha and the Platyrrhina.- Parasitological Evidence 335 Dates and Number of Paleogene Colonizations in South America.- Possibility of Transatlantic Migrations During the Paleogene.- Conclusions.- Addendum.- References.- 12 Human Evolution.- Theory.- Time.- Molecular Biology and Immunology.- Behavior.- Anatomy.- Paleontology.- The Last Million Years.- Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 13 Differential Fertility and Human Evolution.- An Historical Perspective on Differential Fertility.- The Possible Rates of Genetic Change Inherent in Fertility Differentials.- An Example of the Complexity of Gene-Based Fertility Differentials.- The Consequences of Stabilizing Population Numbers.- Conclusions.- References.- 14 The Apportionment of Human Diversity.- The Genes.- The Samples.- The Measure of Diversity.- The Results.- References.- 15 Polygenic Inheritance and Human Intelligence.- Definition of Human Intelligence.- Selection in Animal Improvement.- Polygenic Inheritance.- Heritability.- Determination of h2.- Heritability and Intelligence.- In Conclusion.- References.- 16 On the Evolutionary