Carter Lindberg is Professor Emeritus of Church History at the School of Theology, Boston University. He is co-Editor of The Forgotten Luther: The Social-Economic Dimensions of the Reformation, and author of the previous two editions of The European Reformations as well as editor of the companion volumes The European Reformations Sourcebook and The Reformation Theologians.

• List of Figures xiPreface to the Third Edition xiiiPreface to the Second Edition xviPreface to the First Edition xviiiList of Abbreviations xxi1 History, Historiography, and Interpretations of the Reformations 1History and Historiography 1Interpretations of the Reformations 6Suggestions for Further Reading 192 The Late Middle Ages: Threshold and Foothold of the Reformations 20Agrarian Crisis, Famine, and Plague 21Towns and Cities: Loci of Ideas and Change 28The Printing Press 29Of Mines and Militancy 31Social Tensions 32The Crisis of Values 35The Western Schism 35Conciliarism 38Anticlericalism and the Renaissance Papacy 43Suggestions for Further Reading 45Electronic Resources 453 The Dawn of a New Era 46Martin Luther (1483–1546) 46Theological and Pastoral Responses to Insecurity 51Theological Implications 57Indulgences: The Purchase of Paradise 59The Squeaky Mouse 62Politics and Piety 64From the Diet of Worms to the Land of the Birds 66The Diet of Worms 71Suggestions for Further Reading 72Electronic Resources 734 Wait for No One: Implementation of Reforms in Wittenberg 74In the Land of the Birds 74Melanchthon: Teacher of Germany 75Karlstadt and Proto-Puritanism 76Bishops, Clerical Marriage, and Strategies for Reform 78The Gospel and Social Order 84Suggestions for Further Reading 915 Fruits of the Fig Tree: Social Welfare and Education 92Late Medieval Poor Relief 93Beyond Charity 94The Institutionalization of Social Welfare 98Bugenhagen and the Spread of Evangelical Social Welfare 101Education for Service to God and Service to the Neighbor 104The Catechisms and Christian Vocation 106Was the Early Reformation a Failure? 108Suggestions for Further Reading 1096 The Reformation of the Common Man 111"Brother Andy" 111Thomas Müntzer 117Müntzer's Origins and Theology 118Müntzer's Historical Development 121On to the Land of Hus 122The Revolution of the Common Man, 1524–1526 128The Role of Anticlericalism 130Luther and the Peasants' War 131Suggestions for Further Reading 1367 The Swiss Connection: Zwingli and the Reformation in Zurich 137The Affair of the Sausages 137Zwingli's Beginnings 137Magistracy and Church in Zurich 140Zwingli’s Reform Program 141Excursus: Medieval Sacramental Theology 146The Marburg Colloquy, 1529 154Suggestions for Further Reading 1598 The Sheep against the Shepherds: The Radical Reformations 160The Anabaptists 161Excursus: Reformation Understandings of Baptism 164Zurich Beginnings 168Anabaptist Multiplicity 173The Münster Debacle 176The Subversive Piety of the Spiritualists 179Suggestions for Further Reading 1819 Augsburg 1530 to Augsburg 1555: Reforms and Politics 183The Trail of Worms 183The Diet of Worms, 1521 185The Diet of Speyer, 1526 186The Diet of Speyer, 1529 187The Diet of Augsburg, 1530, and the Augsburg Confession 188The Right of Resistance to the Emperor 192Reformation Ecumenism, War, and the Peace of Augsburg 193Suggestions for Further Reading 19810 "The Most Perfect School of Christ": The Genevan Reformation 199John Calvin (1509–1564) 199Journey to Geneva 202The Reformation in Geneva 204Sojourn in Strasbourg 206Geneva under Calvin, 1541–1564 210Calvin's Consolidation of His Authority 212The Servetus Case 215Protestant Mission and Evangelism: The "International Conspiracy" 218Suggestions for Further Reading 22011 Refuge in the Shadow of God's Wings: The Reformation in France 221The Shield of Humanism 221Evangelical Progress and Persecution 224Calvin's Influence in France 226The Colloquy of Poissy, 1561 231The Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 232The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 234"Paris is Worth a Mass" 237Suggestions for Further Reading 23812 The Blood of the Martyrs: The Reformation in the Netherlands 239"La Secte Lutheriane" 241Dissident Movements 242The Rise of Calvinism and the Spanish Reaction 243A Godly Society? 246Suggestions for Further Reading 24713 The Reformations in England and Scotland 248Anticlericalism and Lutheran Beginnings 249The King's Great Matter 255Passions, Politics, and Piety 257Edward VI and Protestant Progress 259Mary Tudor and Protestant Regress 261Elizabeth I and the Via Media 263Mary Stuart (1542–1587) and the Reformation in Scotland 267Suggestions for Further Reading 27114 Reformations in East-Central Europe 272Bohemia 276Livonia 277Prussia and Poland 278Antitrinitarian Developments 281Slovakia and Hungary 283Suggestions for Further Reading 28815 Catholic Renewal and the Counter-Reformation 289Late Medieval Renewal Movements 289The Index and the Inquisition 295Loyola and the Society of Jesus 299The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 304Suggestions for Further Reading 310Electronic Resources 31016 Legacies of the Reformations 311Confessionalization 311Politics 314Culture 318The Reformations and Women 318Toleration and the "Other" 323Economics, Education, and Science 328Literature and the Arts 330Back to the Future: The Reformations and Modernity 336Suggestions for Further Reading 338Electronic Resources 338Chronology 339Genealogies 345The House of Valois and Bourbon, to 1610 346The family of Charles V 347The English crown, 1485–1603 348Ottoman sultans, 1451–1648 349Popes, 1492–1605 350Maps 351Europe about 1500 325Germany at the time of the Reformations 353The Empire of Charles V 354The Ottoman Empire 355The Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires 356Religious divisions in Europe about 1600 357Glossary 358Appendix: Aids to Reformation Studies 361Bibliography 364Index 403

“The third edition of Carter Lindberg’s book deserves a prominent place on the shelf of anyone who wishes to understand the larger scope of the events that rocked the Western church and European society in the sixteenth century.” - Wisconsin Lutheran Quarterly, Vol. 120, No. 3 (Summer 2023)