Dr James Foreman-Peck teaches economics and economic history at the University of Oxford and is Fellow of St Antony's College. He has previously been a practising economist in the electricity supply industry, has taught economics and economic history at the University of California, Davis, and has been a Professor of Economic History at the University of Hull.Professor Giovanni Federico teaches in the Department of Modern History, University of Pisa. He has previously been a Visiting Fellow of the European University Institute in Florence, and a Research Fellow of the Institute for Historical Research, University of London.