Ethics Toolkit

JULIAN BAGGINI is the author of more than 20 books, including How the World Thinks, The Edge of Reason, and The Ego Trick. He was the founding editor of The Philosophers’ Magazine, has served as Academic Director of the Royal Institute of Philosophy and is an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Kent. PETER S. FOSL is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the PPE program at Transylvania University, Kentucky, USA. The author of Hume’s Scepticism and the recipient of numerous teaching awards, Fosl was appointed the 2013–14 David Hume Fellow at the University of Edinburgh.

• Introduction ixPart I The Grounds of Ethics 11.1 Aesthetics 11.2 Agency 51.3 Authority 81.4 Autonomy 121.5 Awareness and Consciousness 161.6 Character and Self-Cultivation 201.7 Conscience 231.8 Constraints 261.9 Evolution 281.10 Flourishing 311.11 Harmony 331.12 Hierarchy 361.13 Interest 391.14 Intuition 421.15 Natural Law 451.16 Need and Desire 491.17 Obligation 521.18 Pain, Pleasure, and Happiness 541.19 Power 581.20 Revelation 611.21 Rights 641.22 Salvation 681.23 Sympathy 711.24 Tradition and History 73Part II Central Concepts in Ethics 772.1 Act/Omission 772.2 Act/Rule 802.3 Bad/Evil/Good 822.4 Beneficence/Non-Maleficence 852.5 Can/Ought 882.6 Cause/Reason 902.7 Cognitivism/Non-Cognitivism 932.8 Consent 972.9 Dharma 1002.10 Excuse/Explanation/Justification 1022.11 Exploitation 1062.12 Golden Mean 1102.13 Harm 1132.14 Honour/Shame 1162.15 Identity 1212.16 Individual/Collective 1242.17 Intentions/Consequences 1272.18 Internalism/Externalism 1302.19 Intersectionality 1332.20 Intrinsic/Instrumental Value 1362.21 Karma 1392.22 Legal/Moral 1422.23 Liberty, Freedom 1452.24 Metaethics/Normative Ethics 1492.25 Moral Subjects and Agents 1522.26 Public/Private 1552.27 Responsibility 158Part III Frameworks for Ethics 1623.1 Buddhist Ethics 1623.2 Care 1653.3 Confucian Role Ethics 1683.4 Consequentialism 1713.5 Contractarianism 1753.6 Cosmopolitanism 1783.7 Critical Theory and Culture Critique 1813.8 Discourse Ethics 1833.9 Divine Command 1853.10 Duty and Deontological Ethics 1883.11 Egoism 1923.12 Naturalism 1953.13 Particularism 1983.14 Perfectionism 2003.15 Rationalism 2033.16 Relativism 2053.17 Relationality and Ubuntu 2093.18 Subjectivism 2133.19 Virtue Ethics 216Part IV Assessment, Judgement, and Critique 2214.1 Ability 2214.2 Alienation 2244.3 Authenticity 2264.4 Class 2294.5 Common Sense 2324.6 Consistency 2364.7 Counterexamples 2384.8 Equality and Equity 2414.9 Fairness 2444.10 Fallacies 2484.11 Impartiality and Objectivity 2514.12 The Is/Ought Gap 2554.13 Justice and Lawfulness 2594.14 Moral Sentiment 2624.15 Paternalism 2654.16 Politics 2684.17 Race 2714.18 Reflective Equilibrium 2754.19 Sex and Gender 2774.20 Speciesism 2804.21 Thought Experiments 2844.22 Universality and Universalizability 286Part V The Limits of Ethics 2905.1 Akrasia 2905.2 Casuistry and Rationalization 2935.3 Extreme Circumstances, Grey Areas, and Liminal Cases 2965.4 Fallenness 2995.5 False Consciousness 3025.6 Forgiveness and Mercy 3065.7 Free Will and Determinism 3095.8 Historical Distance and Time 3135.9 Moral Luck 3165.10 Nihilism and Amorality 3195.11 Pluralism 3225.12 Radical Disagreement 3255.13 Radical Particularity 3285.14 Scepticism 3315.15 Self-deception 3345.16 The Separateness of Persons 3375.17 Standpoint 3395.18 Supererogation 3435.19 Tolerance 3465.20 Tragedy 3495.21 War 351Appendix Resources for the Practice of Ethics 356Index 360