Gregory M. Reichberg is Senior Researcher at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) where he heads the Institute's Program on Ethics, Norms, and Identities. He is editor of The Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader's Guide (with Jorge J. E. Gracia and Bernard N. Schumacher, Blackwell 2003) and he has published numerous articles on the ethics of war and peace.Henrik Syse is Senior Researcher associated with PRIO and the Ethics Program at the University of Oslo, and Head of Corporate Governance at Norges Bank Investment Management. He is the author of Natural Law, Religion, and Rights (2006).Endre Begby is Fulbright Fellow in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh.

• Preface viiiAcknowledgments xiiiPart I Ancient and Early Christian 11 Thucydides (ca. 460-ca. 400 BC): War and Power 32 Plato (427-347 BC): Tempering War among the Greeks 183 Aristotle (384-322 BC): Courage, Slavery, and Citizen Soldiers 314 Roman Law of War and Peace (Seventh Century BC-First Century AD): Ius Fetiale 475 Cicero (106-43 BC): Civic Virtue as the Foundation of Peace 506 Early Church Fathers (Second to Fourth Centuries): Pacifism and Defense of the Innocent 607 Augustine (354-430): Just War in the Service of Peace 70Part II Medieval 918 Medieval Peace Movements (975-1123): Religious Limitations on Warfare 939 The Crusades (Eleventh to Thirteenth Centuries): Christian Holy War 9810 Gratian and the Decretists (Twelfth Century): War and Coercion in the Decretum 10411 John of Salisbury (ca. 1115-1180): The Challenge of Tyranny 12512 Raymond of Peñafort (ca. 1180-1275) and William of Rennes (Thirteenth Century): The Conditions of Just War, Self-defense, and their Legal Consequences under Penitential Jurisdiction 13113 Innocent IV (ca. 1180-1254): The Kinds of Violence and the Limits of Holy War 14814 Alexander of Hales (ca. 1185-1245): Virtuous Dispositions in Warfare 15615 Hostiensis (ca. 1200-1271): A Typology of Internal and External War 16016 Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1225-1274): Just War and Sins against Peace 16917 Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Peace by Universal Monarchy 19918 Bartolus of Saxoferrato (ca. 1313-1357): Roman War within Christendom 20319 Christine de Pizan (ca. 1364-ca. 1431): War and Chivalry 21020 Raphaël Fulgosius (1367-1427): Just War Reduced to Public War 227Part III Late Scholastic and Reformation 23121 Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536): The Spurious "Right to War" 23322 Cajetan (1468-1534): War and Vindicative Justice 24023 Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527): War is Just to Whom it is Necessary 25124 Thomas More (ca. 1478-1535): Warfare in Utopia 25925 Martin Luther (1483-1546) and Jean Calvin (1509-1564): Legitimate War in Reformed Christianity 26526 The Radical Reformation (Sixteenth Century): Religious Rationales for Violence and Pacifism 27827 Francisco de Vitoria (ca. 1492-1546): Just War in the Age of Discovery 28828 Luis de Molina (1535-1600): Distinguishing War from Punishment 33329 Francisco Suárez (1548-1617): Justice, Charity, and War 33930 Alberico Gentili (1552-1608): The Advantages of Preventive War 37131 Johannes Althusius (1557-1638): Defending the Commonwealth 37832 Hugo Grotius (1583-1645): The Theory of Just War Systematized 385Part IV Modern 43933 Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Solving the Problem of Civil War 44134 Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677): The Virtue of Peace 45135 Samuel von Pufendorf (1632-1694): War in an Emerging System of States 45436 John Locke (1632-1704): The Rights of Man and the Limits of Just Warfare 46237 Christian von Wolff (1679-1754): Bilateral Rights of War 46938 Montesquieu (1689-1755): National Self-preservation and the Balance of Power 47539 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): Supranational Government and Peace 48040 Emer de Vattel (1714-1767): War in Due Form 50441 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Cosmopolitan Rights, Human Progress, and Perpetual Peace 51842 G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831): War and the Spirit of the Nation-state 54243 Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831): Ethics and Military Strategy 55344 Daniel Webster (1782-1852): The Caroline Incident (1837) 56245 Francis Lieber (1800-1872): Devising a Military Code of Conduct 56546 John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): Foreign Intervention and National Autonomy 57447 Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895): War as an Instrument of Emancipation 586Part V Twentieth Century 59348 Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924): The Dream of a League of Nations 59549 Bertrand Russell (1872-1970): Pacifism and Modern War 60050 Hans Kelsen (1881-1973): Bellum Iustum in International Law 60551 Paul Ramsey (1913-1988): Nuclear Weapons and Legitimate Defense 61452 G. E. M. Anscombe (1919-2001): The Moral Recklessness of Pacifism 62553 John Rawls (1921-2002): The Moral Duties of Statesmen 63354 Michael Walzer (b. 1935): Terrorism and Ethics 64255 Thomas Nagel (b. 1937): The Logic of Hostility 65356 James Turner Johnson (b. 1938): Contemporary Just War 66057 National Conference of Catholic Bishops (1983 and 1993): A Presumption against War 66958 Kofi Annan (b. 1938): Toward a New Definition of Sovereignty 683Index 694

"This is a superb, comprehensive collection of the basic texts that make up the just war tradition. Some have been very difficult to get hold of and others have been translated for the first time. It will be an indispensable resource for all departments of international affairs, ethics, war studies, peace studies and many history departments." (Times Higher Education, 25 May 2007)"As a collection of key readings, each prefaced by editorial comment, it can scarcely be bettered." (The Times)"An invaluable resource for many readers for years to come...anyone interested in the history of western thought on the subject of war will find [the volume] fascinating." (Peace News)