Ethics and Cyber Warfare

George Lucas is currently a Visiting Distinguished Research Professor at the John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology & Values at Notre Dame University. He is an internationally recognized authority in the field of military and applied ethics, focusing in particular upon ethics and emerging military technologies. Recent books include Anthropologists in Arms (2009) and Military Ethics: What Everyone Needs to Know (OUP, 2015). He is editor of the Routledge Handbook of Military Ethics (2015).

• CONTENTSPreface ixAcknowledgments xiiiIntroduction: Crime or Warfare?--1 1. Cyber (In)security: Threat Assessment in the Cyber Domain--16What, When, and Where?--16How?--18Why?--19Three Ways of Being a Hacktivist--21Conventional Warfare--22Unrestricted Warfare--24State- Sponsored Hacktivism as a New Form of Warfare--27 2. Is There a Role for Ethics or Law in Cyber Conflict?--33Irregular War and Cyberwar--33Ethics and "Folk Morality"--35Ethics and the Law--40Ethics and Just War Theory--42Strategic Plan of the Book--45Applying Moral Theories in the Cyber Domain--48 3. The Tallinn Manual: International Law in the Aftermath of Estonia--57International Law Applicable to Stuxnet--58International Law and State- Sponsored Hacktivism--61The Tallinn Manual--64International Law and the Estonian Cyber attacks--68"There Oughta' Be a Law!"--73Why the Tallinn Manual Failed--76 4. Genuine Ethics versus "Folk Morality" in Cyberspace--85The Advantages of Taking "the Moral Point of View"--86The Challenge of Folk Morality for Authentic Ethics--88The Origins of Universal Moral Norms--91Thinking Ethically about Conflict in the Cyber Domain--96Just War Theory and the Morality of Exceptions--98Jus in Bello and Professional Military Ethics--101Jus in Silico: Ethics and Just War Theory in the Cyber Domain--102 5. If Aristotle Waged Cyberwar: How Norms Emerge from Practice--109Distinguishing between Laws and Norms--112The Methodology of Uncertainty: How Do Norms "Emerge?"--113Do Emergent Moral Norms Provide Effective Governance?--119 6. Privacy, Anonymity, and the Rise of State- Sponsored Hacktivism--125Emergent Norms and the Rise of State- Sponsored Hacktivism--126The Cunning of History--128Permissible Preemptive Cyber Self- Defense--129Privacy, Anonymity, and the Sectors of Vulnerability--130Cyber security Measures for Individuals--131Privacy versus Anonymity--133A Limited Justification for Anonymity--135Restricting Anonymity while Preserving Privacy--137New "Rules of the Road" for Cyber Navigation--138 7. NSA Management Directive #424: Anticipatory National Self- Defense--142Preventive War--143Initial Public Response--147The Dilemma of Edward Snowden--148Government Deception and Public Trust--150Defending National Boundaries And Personal Liberties--151State Norms for Respecting Sovereignty and Attaining Security--153Conclusion: Toward a Code of Ethics for Cyber Warriors--157 References--167 Index--175

Lucas proposes a foundation on which future ethics can be developed. Citing a variety of well-known authorities, he makes a convincing case for relying on incrementalism and experience...Summing Up: Essential. All readership levels.