Ulf Schmidt is Professor of Modern History and Director of the Centre for the History of Medicine, Ethics and Medical Humanities at the University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent. He studied modern history at the Universities of Hamburg and Oxford. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and was previously Wellcome Trust Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and Senior Associate Member of St Antony's College, Oxford University.Andreas Frewer is Professor at the Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Ethics. He studied medicine, philosophy, and the history of medicine in Munich. Erlangen, Berlin, Vienna, Oxford, and Jerusalem. Dissertation at the Free Univerity of Berlin (scl) and European Master in Bioethics (scl). 1994-1998 Physician in Berlin, 1998-2002 Assistant Professor Goettingen, 2002-2006 Professor in Hanover. Since 2007 IRB and CEC at FAU/University Hospital Erlangen.Dominique Sprumont is Adjunct Professor of Health Law, founder and deputy-director of the Institute of Health Law at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland and invited Professor at the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. He is the President of the Research Ethics Committee of the Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland. He is a Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+) Fellow.

• About the ContributorsAbbreviations 1. Introduction: The Limits of Altruism - Ulf Schmidt, Dominique Sprumont, Andreas Frewer Part 1: What Can We Know? History of Human Rights in Human Experimentation2. The Declaration of Helsinki and the Foundations of Global Bioethics - Robert Baker3. From Nuremberg to Helsinki: The Prosecution of Medical War Crimes at the Struthof Medical Trials, France 1952-4 - Christian Bonah, Florian Schmaltz4. In the Absence of Alternatives: The Origins and Success of the Declaration of Helsinki, 1947-82 - Ulf Schmidt5. Conflicts of Interest? The World Medical Association, Research Ethics, and Industry in the 1950s and 1960s - Andreas Frewer6. Doctors and Research behind the "Nylon Curtain": Medical Ethics Debates and the Declaration of Helsinki in East Germany, 1961-89 - Schmidt, Markus Wahl7. Secret Trials behind Walls: The Role of the State Security Service in East German Human Experiments, 1961-89 - Rainer Erices, Antje Gumz, Andreas Frewer Part 2: How Should We Act? Reflecting about Theory and Practice of Research Ethics8. Ideas of Human Rights in Human Experimentation - Ruth Macklin 9. Agreements and Disagreements about the Placebo Rule - Eugenijus Gefenas10. Research Ethics Regulations: Rules versus Responsibilities - Dominique Sprumont11. The Declaration of Helsinki and Transparency: When International Ethics Standards Face National Implementation Challenges - Trudo Lemmens, Gregory Ringkamp12. Conflicts of Interest in Human Subject Research: Best Practices, International Standards, and Challenges in Implementing U.S. Regulations - Marc Rodwin13. The Helsinki Declaration and the "American Stamp" - Jonathan Moreno Part 3: What May We Hope for the Future? International Experiences and Challenges in Research Ethics14. The Declaration of Helsinki: A European Perspective - Henriette D.C. Roscam Abbing15. The Helsinki Declaration in Brazil: Research Ethics and the Right to Public Health - Dirceu Greco 16. The Helsinki Declaration in South Africa: Vulnerability in Health Research - Ames Dhai17. The Helsinki Declaration in West and Central Africa: Case Studies - Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem, Godfrey B. Tangwa18. The Helsinki Declaration in China: An Example of the Tension between International Guidelines and Native Cultural Values - Qiu Renzong, Xiaomei Zhai19. The Future of Research Ethics - Johannes van Delden Part 4: The Art of Compromise: Negotiating Change in Modern Research Ethics20. The Declaration of Helsinki 1964-Witnesses, Observations and Participation - Juhana Idänpään-Heikkilä21. Contextualizing the Declaration of Helsinki, 1964-2008 - John Williams22. Reflections on the Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki from 2000 to 2013 - Robert J. Levine23. A New Declaration 50 Years On: Presenting the 2013 Revision Process - Urban Wiesing, Ramin Parsa-Parsi Part 5: Conclusion and Outlook24. Some Reflections on Research Ethics - Dominique Sprumont, Andreas Frewer, Ulf Schmidt AppendixDraft and typed versions of the Declaration of Helsinki 1964Index

Ulf Schmidt is Professor of Modern History and Director of the Centre for the History of Medicine, Ethics and Medical Humanities at the University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent. He studied modern history at the Universities of Hamburg and Oxford. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and was previously Wellcome Trust Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and Senior Associate Member of St Antony's College, Oxford University.Andreas Frewer is Professor at the Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Ethics. He studied medicine, philosophy, and the history of medicine in Munich. Erlangen, Berlin, Vienna, Oxford, and Jerusalem. Dissertation at the Free Univerity of Berlin (scl) and European Master in Bioethics (scl). 1994-1998 Physician in Berlin, 1998-2002 Assistant Professor Goettingen, 2002-2006 Professor in Hanover. Since 2007 IRB and CEC at FAU/University Hospital Erlangen.Dominique Sprumont is Adjunct Professor of Health Law, founder and deputy-director of the Institute of Health Law at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland and invited Professor at the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. He is the President of the Research Ethics Committee of the Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland. He is a Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+) Fellow.

• About the ContributorsAbbreviations 1. Introduction: The Limits of Altruism - Ulf Schmidt, Dominique Sprumont, Andreas Frewer Part 1: What Can We Know? History of Human Rights in Human Experimentation2. The Declaration of Helsinki and the Foundations of Global Bioethics - Robert Baker3. From Nuremberg to Helsinki: The Prosecution of Medical War Crimes at the Struthof Medical Trials, France 1952-4 - Christian Bonah, Florian Schmaltz4. In the Absence of Alternatives: The Origins and Success of the Declaration of Helsinki, 1947-82 - Ulf Schmidt5. Conflicts of Interest? The World Medical Association, Research Ethics, and Industry in the 1950s and 1960s - Andreas Frewer6. Doctors and Research behind the "Nylon Curtain": Medical Ethics Debates and the Declaration of Helsinki in East Germany, 1961-89 - Schmidt, Markus Wahl7. Secret Trials behind Walls: The Role of the State Security Service in East German Human Experiments, 1961-89 - Rainer Erices, Antje Gumz, Andreas Frewer Part 2: How Should We Act? Reflecting about Theory and Practice of Research Ethics8. Ideas of Human Rights in Human Experimentation - Ruth Macklin 9. Agreements and Disagreements about the Placebo Rule - Eugenijus Gefenas10. Research Ethics Regulations: Rules versus Responsibilities - Dominique Sprumont11. The Declaration of Helsinki and Transparency: When International Ethics Standards Face National Implementation Challenges - Trudo Lemmens, Gregory Ringkamp12. Conflicts of Interest in Human Subject Research: Best Practices, International Standards, and Challenges in Implementing U.S. Regulations - Marc Rodwin13. The Helsinki Declaration and the "American Stamp" - Jonathan Moreno Part 3: What May We Hope for the Future? International Experiences and Challenges in Research Ethics14. The Declaration of Helsinki: A European Perspective - Henriette D.C. Roscam Abbing15. The Helsinki Declaration in Brazil: Research Ethics and the Right to Public Health - Dirceu Greco 16. The Helsinki Declaration in South Africa: Vulnerability in Health Research - Ames Dhai17. The Helsinki Declaration in West and Central Africa: Case Studies - Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem, Godfrey B. Tangwa18. The Helsinki Declaration in China: An Example of the Tension between International Guidelines and Native Cultural Values - Qiu Renzong, Xiaomei Zhai19. The Future of Research Ethics - Johannes van Delden Part 4: The Art of Compromise: Negotiating Change in Modern Research Ethics20. The Declaration of Helsinki 1964-Witnesses, Observations and Participation - Juhana Idänpään-Heikkilä21. Contextualizing the Declaration of Helsinki, 1964-2008 - John Williams22. Reflections on the Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki from 2000 to 2013 - Robert J. Levine23. A New Declaration 50 Years On: Presenting the 2013 Revision Process - Urban Wiesing, Ramin Parsa-Parsi Part 5: Conclusion and Outlook24. Some Reflections on Research Ethics - Dominique Sprumont, Andreas Frewer, Ulf Schmidt AppendixDraft and typed versions of the Declaration of Helsinki 1964Index

Ulf Schmidt is Professor of Modern History and Director of the Centre for the History of Medicine, Ethics and Medical Humanities at the University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent. He studied modern history at the Universities of Hamburg and Oxford. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and was previously Wellcome Trust Post-Doctoral Research Fellow and Senior Associate Member of St Antony's College, Oxford University.Andreas Frewer is Professor at the Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Ethics. He studied medicine, philosophy, and the history of medicine in Munich. Erlangen, Berlin, Vienna, Oxford, and Jerusalem. Dissertation at the Free Univerity of Berlin (scl) and European Master in Bioethics (scl). 1994-1998 Physician in Berlin, 1998-2002 Assistant Professor Goettingen, 2002-2006 Professor in Hanover. Since 2007 IRB and CEC at FAU/University Hospital Erlangen.Dominique Sprumont is Adjunct Professor of Health Law, founder and deputy-director of the Institute of Health Law at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland and invited Professor at the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. He is the President of the Research Ethics Committee of the Canton of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland. He is a Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+) Fellow.

• About the ContributorsAbbreviations 1. Introduction: The Limits of Altruism - Ulf Schmidt, Dominique Sprumont, Andreas Frewer Part 1: What Can We Know? History of Human Rights in Human Experimentation2. The Declaration of Helsinki and the Foundations of Global Bioethics - Robert Baker3. From Nuremberg to Helsinki: The Prosecution of Medical War Crimes at the Struthof Medical Trials, France 1952-4 - Christian Bonah, Florian Schmaltz4. In the Absence of Alternatives: The Origins and Success of the Declaration of Helsinki, 1947-82 - Ulf Schmidt5. Conflicts of Interest? The World Medical Association, Research Ethics, and Industry in the 1950s and 1960s - Andreas Frewer6. Doctors and Research behind the "Nylon Curtain": Medical Ethics Debates and the Declaration of Helsinki in East Germany, 1961-89 - Schmidt, Markus Wahl7. Secret Trials behind Walls: The Role of the State Security Service in East German Human Experiments, 1961-89 - Rainer Erices, Antje Gumz, Andreas Frewer Part 2: How Should We Act? Reflecting about Theory and Practice of Research Ethics8. Ideas of Human Rights in Human Experimentation - Ruth Macklin 9. Agreements and Disagreements about the Placebo Rule - Eugenijus Gefenas10. Research Ethics Regulations: Rules versus Responsibilities - Dominique Sprumont11. The Declaration of Helsinki and Transparency: When International Ethics Standards Face National Implementation Challenges - Trudo Lemmens, Gregory Ringkamp12. Conflicts of Interest in Human Subject Research: Best Practices, International Standards, and Challenges in Implementing U.S. Regulations - Marc Rodwin13. The Helsinki Declaration and the "American Stamp" - Jonathan Moreno Part 3: What May We Hope for the Future? International Experiences and Challenges in Research Ethics14. The Declaration of Helsinki: A European Perspective - Henriette D.C. Roscam Abbing15. The Helsinki Declaration in Brazil: Research Ethics and the Right to Public Health - Dirceu Greco 16. The Helsinki Declaration in South Africa: Vulnerability in Health Research - Ames Dhai17. The Helsinki Declaration in West and Central Africa: Case Studies - Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem, Godfrey B. Tangwa18. The Helsinki Declaration in China: An Example of the Tension between International Guidelines and Native Cultural Values - Qiu Renzong, Xiaomei Zhai19. The Future of Research Ethics - Johannes van Delden Part 4: The Art of Compromise: Negotiating Change in Modern Research Ethics20. The Declaration of Helsinki 1964-Witnesses, Observations and Participation - Juhana Idänpään-Heikkilä21. Contextualizing the Declaration of Helsinki, 1964-2008 - John Williams22. Reflections on the Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki from 2000 to 2013 - Robert J. Levine23. A New Declaration 50 Years On: Presenting the 2013 Revision Process - Urban Wiesing, Ramin Parsa-Parsi Part 5: Conclusion and Outlook24. Some Reflections on Research Ethics - Dominique Sprumont, Andreas Frewer, Ulf Schmidt AppendixDraft and typed versions of the Declaration of Helsinki 1964Index