Ethical Challenges for the Future of Neurosurgery

Ahmed Ammar, MBChB, DMSc, FICS, FACS, currently he is the chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt. He was a Professor and Consultant Neurosurgeon at the KFHU, Dammam University from 1987 to 2023. He graduated from the Medical School in 1977 and started his Neurosurgery training program at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden in 1979. He subsequently moved to Japan’s Shinshu University, where he completed his doctorate in Neurosurgery in 1984. This was followed by a fellowship at the Dept. of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh University, USA, in 1989.He is an educator, he shared in writing the first Neurosurgery Training Program in Saudi Arabia in 1987, since that time he wrote at least 6 fellowships training programs in Saudi Arabia and other countries. He wrote the first Head Trauma Protocol for MOH, SA 2013, and has published over 150 manuscripts in international journals and chapters in 14 books and 3 books. He was editor of the books “Ethics in Neurosurgery Practice”, and "Hydrocephalus" published by Springer in 2014 and 2017. Prof. Ammar has a special interest in pediatric neurosurgery. His current scientific research focuses on the long-term outcomes of mild head trauma (in progress), the long-term outcomes of hydrocephalus (finished), and whole exome sequencing for hydrocephalus and Epilepsy (in progress). He has also designed and patented four neurosurgical instruments and been recognized with the following awards: The World Federation for Neurosurgical Societies Honorary Gold Medal in 2022,  the Life Time Achievement in Medicine/ Neurosurgery Award, Venous International Foundation, 2016, Walter E Dandy Neurosurgical International Society Award, 2015, Saudi Neurosurgical Society Medal of Appreciation 2014, and the Saud Neuroscience Society Appreciation Award 2009. He has 8 patents from USA, Egypt and other countries. Dr. Bernstein is Professor of Surgery at the University of Toronto and a neurosurgeon at Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network. His main areas of interest are neuro-oncology, bioethics, palliative care, and advancing surgery in the developing world, where he spends time operating and teaching.

• Part 1: General Neurosurgical ethics.- Introduction.- The dilemma of the healthcare economy Justice, equity, and equality.- Values- Based Medicine and Values- Based medical Education.- Neuroethics.- Consent, litigation, and accountability.- Part 2: Future challenges.- Deep brain stimulation.- Brain-Computer interfaces and Implanted brain prosthesis.- Neurosurgery during a pandemic.- Artificial Intelligence.- Telemedicine/Virtual care.- Telesurgery/Robotic surgery.- Genetic therapy/genetic alteration.- Neuroablation.- Psychosurgery.- Prenatal surgery.- Medical tourism.- Research and innovation.- Human clinical trials.- Neurosurgery for the elderly.- Neuropalliative care.- Augmented virtual integrated reality/ Metaverse.- Training and education.- Global Neurosurgery.- Future of the future of Neurosurgery.

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