ALAN W. BRUE, PhD, is a nationally certified school psychologist. He provides a wide range of school psychological services to metro-Atlanta school districts.LINDA WILMSHURST, PhD, is an associate professor of psychology at Elon University and a licensed clinical (ABPP) and school psychologist. She authored six books, including Essentials of Child Psychopathology and Clinical and Educational Child Psychology.Alan and Linda co-authored A Parent's Guide to Special Education and The Complete Guide to Special Education.

• Series Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvOne History of Intellectual Disability 1Early Beginnings 1The Turn of the Century: 1900 to 1950 4The Age of Assessment: Late 1950s to 1970 61980s to the Present 8Summary 14Test Yourself 15Two Prevalence, Causes, Issues, and Comorbid Disorders 17Etiology of Intellectual Disabilities: Subtypes 17Differential Diagnoses 27Comorbidity 27Test Yourself 28Three Current Intellectual Disability Diagnostic and Federal Education Criteria 30The DSM–5 30American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 34Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 37Differential Diagnoses and Comorbid Conditions 44Specific Learning Disabilities 46Test Yourself 46Four Legal Issues and Concerns 49Education and the Law: Issues and Concerns 49Test Yourself 60Five Theories of Intelligence and the Flynn Effect 63Spearman's Two-Factor Theory 63Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities 64Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory 64Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 66Planning, Attention-Arousal, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory of Intelligence 66Theory of Multiple Intelligences 67Flynn Effect 68Intellectual Disability and Capital Punishment Cases 70Test Yourself 72Six Assessment of an Intellectual Disability 74Designing a Test Battery 76Areas to Assess 78Test Yourself 91Seven Integration of Assessment Results 93Report Sample #1 93Report Sample #2 100Test Yourself 108Eight Postassessment Planning 110Common Parent Reactions to Learning a Child has a Disability 111Guidelines for Parents of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 112Transition Planning 113Self-Determination and Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 115Application of Self-Determination Practices 117Results of The Arc Survey: FINDS 2011 120Test Yourself 122Appendix A State Departments of Special Education 124Appendix B AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on the Criminal Justice System 133Appendix C American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) 138Appendix D The Arc Position Statement on Self-Determination 140Appendix E AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on Self-Advocacy 142Appendix F The Arc Position Statement on Education 146Appendix G The Arc Position Statement on Employment 149Appendix H Helpful Websites 153References 157About the Authors 166Index 169

ALAN W. BRUE, PhD, is a nationally certified school psychologist. He provides a wide range of school psychological services to metro-Atlanta school districts.LINDA WILMSHURST, PhD, is an associate professor of psychology at Elon University and a licensed clinical (ABPP) and school psychologist. She authored six books, including Essentials of Child Psychopathology and Clinical and Educational Child Psychology.Alan and Linda co-authored A Parent's Guide to Special Education and The Complete Guide to Special Education.

• Series Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvOne History of Intellectual Disability 1Early Beginnings 1The Turn of the Century: 1900 to 1950 4The Age of Assessment: Late 1950s to 1970 61980s to the Present 8Summary 14Test Yourself 15Two Prevalence, Causes, Issues, and Comorbid Disorders 17Etiology of Intellectual Disabilities: Subtypes 17Differential Diagnoses 27Comorbidity 27Test Yourself 28Three Current Intellectual Disability Diagnostic and Federal Education Criteria 30The DSM–5 30American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 34Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 37Differential Diagnoses and Comorbid Conditions 44Specific Learning Disabilities 46Test Yourself 46Four Legal Issues and Concerns 49Education and the Law: Issues and Concerns 49Test Yourself 60Five Theories of Intelligence and the Flynn Effect 63Spearman's Two-Factor Theory 63Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities 64Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory 64Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 66Planning, Attention-Arousal, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory of Intelligence 66Theory of Multiple Intelligences 67Flynn Effect 68Intellectual Disability and Capital Punishment Cases 70Test Yourself 72Six Assessment of an Intellectual Disability 74Designing a Test Battery 76Areas to Assess 78Test Yourself 91Seven Integration of Assessment Results 93Report Sample #1 93Report Sample #2 100Test Yourself 108Eight Postassessment Planning 110Common Parent Reactions to Learning a Child has a Disability 111Guidelines for Parents of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 112Transition Planning 113Self-Determination and Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 115Application of Self-Determination Practices 117Results of The Arc Survey: FINDS 2011 120Test Yourself 122Appendix A State Departments of Special Education 124Appendix B AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on the Criminal Justice System 133Appendix C American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) 138Appendix D The Arc Position Statement on Self-Determination 140Appendix E AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on Self-Advocacy 142Appendix F The Arc Position Statement on Education 146Appendix G The Arc Position Statement on Employment 149Appendix H Helpful Websites 153References 157About the Authors 166Index 169

ALAN W. BRUE, PhD, is a nationally certified school psychologist. He provides a wide range of school psychological services to metro-Atlanta school districts.LINDA WILMSHURST, PhD, is an associate professor of psychology at Elon University and a licensed clinical (ABPP) and school psychologist. She authored six books, including Essentials of Child Psychopathology and Clinical and Educational Child Psychology.Alan and Linda co-authored A Parent's Guide to Special Education and The Complete Guide to Special Education.

• Series Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvOne History of Intellectual Disability 1Early Beginnings 1The Turn of the Century: 1900 to 1950 4The Age of Assessment: Late 1950s to 1970 61980s to the Present 8Summary 14Test Yourself 15Two Prevalence, Causes, Issues, and Comorbid Disorders 17Etiology of Intellectual Disabilities: Subtypes 17Differential Diagnoses 27Comorbidity 27Test Yourself 28Three Current Intellectual Disability Diagnostic and Federal Education Criteria 30The DSM–5 30American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 34Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 37Differential Diagnoses and Comorbid Conditions 44Specific Learning Disabilities 46Test Yourself 46Four Legal Issues and Concerns 49Education and the Law: Issues and Concerns 49Test Yourself 60Five Theories of Intelligence and the Flynn Effect 63Spearman's Two-Factor Theory 63Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities 64Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory 64Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 66Planning, Attention-Arousal, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory of Intelligence 66Theory of Multiple Intelligences 67Flynn Effect 68Intellectual Disability and Capital Punishment Cases 70Test Yourself 72Six Assessment of an Intellectual Disability 74Designing a Test Battery 76Areas to Assess 78Test Yourself 91Seven Integration of Assessment Results 93Report Sample #1 93Report Sample #2 100Test Yourself 108Eight Postassessment Planning 110Common Parent Reactions to Learning a Child has a Disability 111Guidelines for Parents of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 112Transition Planning 113Self-Determination and Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 115Application of Self-Determination Practices 117Results of The Arc Survey: FINDS 2011 120Test Yourself 122Appendix A State Departments of Special Education 124Appendix B AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on the Criminal Justice System 133Appendix C American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) 138Appendix D The Arc Position Statement on Self-Determination 140Appendix E AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on Self-Advocacy 142Appendix F The Arc Position Statement on Education 146Appendix G The Arc Position Statement on Employment 149Appendix H Helpful Websites 153References 157About the Authors 166Index 169