Essentials of Dental Photography

IRFAN AHMAD is a member of the European Academy of Esthetic Dentistry and author of Conventional and Digital Dental Photography: A Practical Clinical Manual, A Clinical Guide to Anterior Dental Aesthetics, Protocols for Predictable Aesthetic Dental Restorations, Esthetic Clinical Case Studies: Dilemmas & Solutions, Prosthodontics at a Glance, 3D Printing in Dentistry 2019/2020 and has contributed to several other dental textbooks by eminent authors.

• Foreword xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xvSection 1 Equipment and Concepts 11 Photographic Equipment 3Cameras 4Sensors 6Resolution 9Sensor Speed or ISO 13Sensor Cleaning 13Colour (Bit) Depth 15White Balance 16Focusing 16External Flash 17Remote Shutter Release 17Lenses 17Lighting 19Supports 23Other photographic items 25References 252 Dental Armamentarium and Clinical Considerations 27Retractors 27Photographic Mirrors and Contrasters 27Field of View 30Cross‐infection Control 31Health and Safety 32Location 33Supports 39Delegation 40Patient Consent 41References 423 Technical Concepts and Settings 45Every Picture Tells a Story 45Setting the Tone 48Lighting 48Depth of Field 52Exposure and Histogram 57White Balance 63Resolution 64Other Settings 68References 684 Composition and Standardisation 69Composition 69Dominance 69Positioning 72Leading the Eye 79Balance 83Standardisation 84Standardisable Factors 89Non‐standardisable Factors 92References 94Section 2 Photographic Set‐ups 975 Extra‐Oral and Intra‐Oral Images 99Positioning 99The Essential Dental Portfolio 101Extra‐Oral (Dento‐Facial) Compositions 103Intra‐Oral Compositions 107Optional Compositions 117References 1356 Portraiture 137Lighting for Portraiture 137Manipulating Light 138Colour Temperature 138Direction: Key Light 140Intensity and Size 147Fill Light 150Background Light 153Clinical Portraiture Set‐Up 154The Essential Portrait Portfolio 156Optional Clinical Portraits 164Non‐clinical Portraiture Set‐up 166Generic Studio Portrait 167Flattering Portrait 167Profile Portrait 168Coloured Gel Portrait 170Classical Smile Line Portrait 171Clinical vs. Non‐clinical Portraiture 173References 1737 Bench Images 175Uses of Bench Images 175Backgrounds and Supports 178Lighting 183Bench Image Set‐ups 184Equipment Settings 186Dental Casts (Models) with Black Background 189Dental Cast with Coloured Background 190Implant Supported Temporary Crown with Red Background 190Perspex Backgrounds 193Bokeh Composition 195Stroboscopic Effect 196References 2028 Special Applications 203Detailed Analysis of Hard and Soft Tissues 203Opalescence and Fluorescence 208Fibre‐Optic Illumination 215UV Illumination 215Colour Fidelity 216Shade Analysis 221Scale Reference Markers 227Annotations 230Bleaching (Tooth Whitening) 236Phonetics 236Occlusal Analysis 239Treatment Sequences 242Endodontic Documentation 246Focus Stacking 247Video 247Promotional and Artistic Imagery 248References 248Section 3 Processing Images 2519 Processing Images 253Monitor Calibration 253File Formats 254Imaging Software 255Image Processing 260Colour Spaces 262White Balance 265Exposure 265Orientation, Scaling and Cropping 273Artefact Removal 285Local Adjustments 286Sharpening 287References 29310 Exporting, Managing and Using Images 295Exporting Files 295Output Location 295Naming Conventions (Formats) 297Export Recipes 299Image Management 301Using Images 306Documentation 306Communication 307Marketing 313Education 315References 331Index 333