Essential C# 7.0

Mark Michaelis is the founder of IntelliTect, a high-end software engineering and consulting company where he serves as the chief technical architect and trainer. Mark speaks at developer conferences and has written numerous articles and books—currently, he is the Essential .NET columnist for MSDN Magazine. Since 1996, Mark has been a Microsoft MVP for C#, Visual Studio Team System, and the Windows SDK. In 2007 he was recognized as a Microsoft Regional Director. He also serves on several Microsoft software design review teams, including C# and VSTS. Mark holds a bachelor of arts in philosophy from the University of Illinois and a masters in computer science from the Illinois Institute of Technology.

• Figures xvTables xviiForeword xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxxiiiAbout the Author xxxvChapter 1: Introducing C# 1Hello, World 2C# Syntax Fundamentals 11Working with Variables 20Console Input and Output 24Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 32Multiple .NET Frameworks 37Chapter 2: Data Types 43Fundamental Numeric Types 44More Fundamental Types 53null and void 67Conversions between Data Types 69Chapter 3: More with Data Types 77Categories of Types 77Nullable Modifier 80Tuples 83Arrays 90Chapter 4: Operators and Control Flow 109Operators 110Introducing Flow Control 126Code Blocks ({}) 132Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces 135Boolean Expressions 137Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~) 147Control Flow Statements, Continued 153Jump Statements 165C# Preprocessor Directives 171Chapter 5: Methods and Parameters 181Calling a Method 182Declaring a Method 189The using Directive 195Returns and Parameters on Main() 200Advanced Method Parameters 203Recursion 215Method Overloading 217Optional Parameters 220Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 225Chapter 6: Classes 241Declaring and Instantiating a Class 245Instance Fields 249Instance Methods 251Using the this Keyword 252Access Modifiers 259Properties 261Constructors 278Static Members 289Extension Methods 299Encapsulating the Data 301Nested Classes 304Partial Classes 307Chapter 7: Inheritance 313Derivation 314Overriding the Base Class 326Abstract Classes 338All Classes Derive from System.Object 344Verifying the Underlying Type with the is Operator 345Pattern Matching with the is Operator 346Pattern Matching within a switch Statement 347Conversion Using the as Operator 349Chapter 8: Interfaces 353Introducing Interfaces 354Polymorphism through Interfaces 355Interface Implementation 360Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 366Interface Inheritance 366Multiple Interface Inheritance 369Extension Methods on Interfaces 369Implementing Multiple Inheritance via Interfaces 371Versioning 374Interfaces Compared with Classes 375Interfaces Compared with Attributes 377Chapter 9: Value Types 379Structs 383Boxing 390Enums 398Chapter 10: Well-Formed Types 411Overriding object Members 411Operator Overloading 424Referencing Other Assemblies 432Defining Namespaces 442XML Comments 445Garbage Collection 449Resource Cleanup 452Lazy Initialization 461Chapter 11: Exception Handling 465Multiple Exception Types 465Catching Exceptions 469General Catch Block 473Guidelines for Exception Handling 475Defining Custom Exceptions 479Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception 483Chapter 12: Generics 487C# without Generics 488Introducing Generic Types 493Constraints 506Generic Methods 519Covariance and Contravariance 524Generic Internals 531Chapter 13: Delegates and Lambda Expressions 537Introducing Delegates 538Declaring Delegate Types 542Lambda Expressions 550Anonymous Methods 556Chapter 14: Events 575Coding the Publish-Subscribe Pattern with Multicast Delegates 576Understanding Events 591Chapter 15: Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators 603Collection Initializers 604What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable 607Standard Query Operators 613Anonymous Types with LINQ 646Chapter 16: LINQ with Query Expressions 657Introducing Query Expressions 658Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations 676Chapter 17: Building Custom Collections 679More Collection Interfaces 680Primary Collection Classes 683Providing an Indexer 702Returning Null or an Empty Collection 705Iterators 705Chapter 18: Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming 721Reflection 722nameof Operator 733Attributes 735Programming with Dynamic Objects 759Chapter 19: Multithreading 771Multithreading Basics 774Working with System.Threading 781Asynchronous Tasks 789Canceling a Task 810The Task-based Asynchronous Pattern 816Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel 846Running LINQ Queries in Parallel 856Chapter 20: Thread Synchronization 863Why Synchronization? 864Timers 893Chapter 21: Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 897Platform Invoke 898Pointers and Addresses 910Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate 920Chapter 22: The Common Language Infrastructure 923Defining the Common Language Infrastructure 924CLI Implementations 925.NET Standard 928Base Class Library 929C# Compilation to Machine Code 929Runtime 932Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 936Common Intermediate Language 939Common Type System 939Common Language Specification 940Metadata 941.NET Native and Ahead of Time Compilation 942Index 945Index of 7.0 Topics 995Index of 6.0 Topics 998Index of 5.0 Topics 1001

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