Environmental Nanotechnology for Water Purification

Shahid-ul-Islam is currently working as a Postdoctoral Research Scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He received his PhD in Chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), India, in 2016. His research interests include dyes and pigments, chemical processing of textiles and polymers and remediation of environmental pollutants from wastewaters. He has numerous papers and several books to his credit, of which 8 titles are with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xiii1 Environmental Toxicity of Nanoparticles 1Mohammad Shahadat, Momina, Yasmin, Suzylawati Ismail, S. Wazed Ali and Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad1.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Bodies 31.1.2 The Effect of Nanoparticles Toxicity on Human Health 41.1.2.1 Entry of Nanoparticles into Environment 111.1.2.2 Exposure of Nanomaterials 131.1.2.3 Consumption of Nanoparticles Through Inhalation and Injection 141.1.2.4 Penetration of NPs Through Skin 161.1.3 In Vitro Toxicity of Nanoparticles 171.1.4 Methods for Assessment of Nanoparticles Toxicity 211.1.4.1 Proliferation Assays 211.1.4.2 Necrosis Assay 221.1.4.3 Apoptosis Assay 221.1.4.4 Oxidative Stress Assay 231.2 A Critical Evaluation of Challenges and Conclusions 23Acknowledgement 24References 242 Conventional and Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 33S. Bairagi and S. Wazed Ali2.1 Introduction 342.2 Water Filtration by Various Technologies 352.3 Conventional Technologies 362.3.1 Sedimentation 362.3.2 Flocculation 372.3.3 Adsorption 382.3.4 Filtration 392.3.5 Coagulation 402.4 Advanced Technologies 412.4.1 Water Filtration Using Nanofibrous Membrane 412.4.1.1 Removal of Heavy Metal from the Wastewater 422.4.1.2 Removal of Microorganisms from Water 452.4.1.3 Removal of Dye from Water 492.5 Conclusion 53References 543 Nanocarbons-Mediated Water Purification: An Application Towards Wastewater Treatment 57Vinchurkar, Prasen and Shah, Sejal3.1 Introduction 583.2 Importance of Various Nanocarbons in Water Purification 603.3 Various Methods of Nanocarbon-Mediated Purifications of Water 623.3.1 Nanocarbon Adsorption (Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents) 623.3.2 Graphene Sieves and CNTs’ Membranes Membrane Process 713.3.2.1 CNT’s Membranes and Membrane Process 753.3.3 Carbon Nanofiber Membranes 773.3.4 Nanocarbon Composite Membranes 823.3.5 Antimicrobial Actions of Various Nanocarbons 833.4 Regeneration or Recycling of Nanocarbons 833.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Environmental Impact of Broad Spectrum of Nanocarbons 843.6 Limitations and Research Needs 873.6.1 Limitations 873.6.2 Research Needs 873.7 Conclusion 87References 884 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Applications 101Khursheed Ahmad and Waseem Raza4.1 Introduction 1024.2 Graphene-Based Composites as Photocatalysts 1044.2.1 Graphene/ZnO as Photocatalyst 1044.2.2 Graphene/TiO2 as Photocatalyst 1134.3 Conclusion 117Acknowledgments 117References 1175 Synthesis of Stable and Monodispersed Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Application as Light-Driven Photocatalytic Agents for Dye Degradation 123Farzana Majid, Sadia Ata, Nida Sohaib, Imran Deen, Adnan Ali, Ismat Bibi, Munawar Iqbal and Arif Nazir5.1 Introduction 1245.2 Materials and Methodology 1255.2.1 Materials 1255.2.2 Synthesis of Co Metal NPs 1255.2.3 Photocatalytic Process 1285.2.3.1 Photocatalytic Experiment 1285.2.4 Characterizations 1295.3 Results and Discussion 1295.3.1 Physiochemical Characterization of Co Metal NPs 1295.3.1.1 Ultraviolet Visible Spectrometer (UV–Vis) 1295.3.1.2 Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 1305.3.1.3 Effect of Concentration of Salt on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 1315.3.1.4 Effect of pH of Reaction Medium on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 1325.3.1.5 Effect of Reaction Temperature on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 1325.3.1.6 Effect of Reaction Heating Time on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 1325.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 1325.3.2.1 X-Ray Analysis of Co Metal NPs 1325.3.3 FTIR Analysis 1385.3.3.1 FTIR Interferogram for Co Metal NPs 1385.3.4 Photocatalytic Properties 1395.3.4.1 Photocatalysis of Methylene Blue With Co Metal NPs 1395.3.4.2 Comparison of Activity of Methylene Blue 1405.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 1415.3.5.1 SEM Analysis for Co Metal NPs 1415.3.6 Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Applications 1415.4 Conclusion 144References 1456 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Water Decontamination and Purification 151Shams Tabrez Khan, Faizan Ahmad, Mohammad Shahadat, Wasi Ur Rehman and Abu Mustafa Khan6.1 Introduction 1526.2 Threats to Drinking Water 1536.2.1 Suspended Solids in Water 1536.2.2 Waterborne Pathogens 1536.2.3 Chemical Pollutants in Drinking Water 1576.3 Losses Due to Impure Water 1586.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Water Purification With Special Reference to Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1606.4.1 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Water Purification 1626.4.2 The Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for Water Purification 1676.4.3 Silver Nanoparticles and Their Possible Role in Water Purification 1686.4.4 Iron Nanoparticles 1696.4.5 Nanocomposites With Improved Antimicrobial Activities 1696.5 Types of Nanomaterials 1706.5.1 Nanofilters 1706.5.2 Nanoadsorbents 1716.5.3 Nanofiber-Based Membranes 1716.6 Commercially Available Products for Water Purification 1716.7 Challenges 1746.7.1 Health or Toxicity Concerns 1746.7.2 Economic Viability 1766.7.3 Operational Concerns 1766.7.4 Legal Constraints and Regulations 1776.8 Conclusion 177Acknowledgements 178References 1787 Recent Advances in Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructure Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and Environmental Remediation 187Umar Farooq, Ashiq Hussain Pandit and Ruby Phul7.1 Introduction 1887.2 Synthesis of Heterostructures 1897.2.1 Hydrothermal Method 1907.2.2 Co-Precipitation Method 1917.2.3 Sol–Gel Method 1917.2.4 Dip-Coating 1927.2.5 Chemical-Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 1927.3 Nanostructured Heterostructures for Water Splitting and Organic Pollutant Degradation 1927.3.1 Metal Oxide/Metal Oxide Heterostructures for Water Splitting 1937.3.2 Metal Oxide/Metal Sulphide Heterostructures for Water Splitting 1977.3.3 Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Pollutants by Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructures 2027.4 Conclusion 209Acknowledgement 209References 2108 Electrospun Nanofibers for Water Purification 217Ali Akbar Merati and Mahsa Kangazian Kangazi8.1 Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers 2188.2 Nanofibers for Wastewater Treatment 2188.2.1 Nanofibers as Pressure-Driven Membrane 2198.2.1.1 Nanofibers as Microfiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 2208.2.1.2 Nanofibers as Ultrafiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 2218.2.1.3 Nanofibers as Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 2238.2.1.4 Nanofibers as Membrane/Mid-Layer for Reverse Osmosis 2248.2.2 Nanofibers as Membranes for Membrane Distillation 2268.2.3 Nanofibers as Membrane Support Layer for Forward Osmosis 2298.2.4 Nanofibers as Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization 2308.2.5 Nanofibers as Porous Floating Membrane for Solar Steam Generation 2318.2.6 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Oil–Water Separation 2328.2.7 Nanofibers as Adsorbent for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From Water/Wastewater 2348.2.8 Nanofibers as Photocatalytic Membrane for Water Treatment 2358.2.9 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Dye Wastewater Treatment 2368.3 Effects of Different Parameters on Resultant Nanofibrous Membranes 2388.3.1 Tunable Structural Characteristic of Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Purification of Wastewater 2438.4 Materials Selection for Nanofibrous Membranes in Water Purification 2468.5 Conclusion 248References 2499 ZnO Nanostructure for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Under Visible Light Irradiation 259Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad9.1 Introduction 2609.2 Photocatalysis 2629.3 Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance of Dare ZnO 2649.4 Doping With Transition Metals 2659.4.1 Doping with Rare Earth (RE) Metals 269Conclusion 277References 27810 Nanocatalysts in Wet Air Oxidation 285Anushree, Sheetal and Satish Kumar10.1 Introduction 28610.2 Catalyst Selection Criterion 28810.3 Nanocatalysts in CWAO 28910.3.1 Mesoporous Materials 29010.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 29310.3.3 Nanoparticles 29310.4 Synthesis of Nanocatalysts 29510.4.1 Bare-Nanocatalysts 29610.4.2 Supported Nanocatalysts 29710.5 Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts for CWAO 29810.5.1 Synthesis and Characterization 29910.5.1.1 Synthesis 29910.5.1.2 Characterization 30010.5.2 CWAO of Industrial Wastewater 30110.5.2.1 Chlorophenolics Removal 30210.5.2.2 Reusability and Leaching Studies 30510.5.2.3 Kinetic Study 30610.6 Comparative Study of Different Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts 30710.6.1 Structural and Textural Properties 30710.6.2 Treatment Efficiency 30810.7 Role of Ceria-Based Nanocatalyst in CWAO 30910.8 Conclusion 310References 310