Environmental Impact of COVID-19

Deepak Rawtani, School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA.

• Foreword xiii1 COVID- 19: A Pandemic - Introduction 1Pratik Kulkarni, Tejas Barot, Piyush Rao, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani1.1 Introduction: Sources and Chemical Activities of COVID- 19 11.1.1 Sources and Transmission 21.1.2 Structure of SARS- CoV- 2 31.1.3 Common Symptoms, Immune Reaction to the Virus, and Mechanism of Entry 31.1.3.1 Immuno- evasion of Coronaviruses 41.1.3.2 World at Loss due to COVID- 19 51.1.3.3 Incubation Period 61.1.3.4 SARS- CoV- 2 and Basic Reproduction Number (R0) 61.1.3.5 Pathological Characteristics 61.1.3.6 Case Definitions 71.1.3.7 Prevention of Transmission 71.1.3.8 Quarantine 81.1.3.9 Global Response by WHO 91.1.4 Treatments 101.1.4.1 General Treatment Strategies for COVID- 19 101.1.4.2 Antiviral Therapy 101.1.4.3 COVID- 19 Convalescent Plasma for Prophylaxis 101.1.4.4 FDA- Approved Drug/Agents for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) 111.1.4.5 Vaccines 111.1.5 Conclusion 12References 122 Viability of COVID- 19 in Different Environmental Surfaces 19Saeida Saadat, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani2.1 Introduction 192.2 Transmission of COVID- 19 202.2.1 Influence of Environmental Factors on Transmission of COVID- 19 212.3 Survival of COVID- 19 on Different Environmental Surfaces 232.3.1 Survival of COVID- 19 on Households and Hospitals Surfaces 242.3.2 Stability of COVID- 19 in Liquid Media 252.4 Disinfection of the Surfaces as an Efficient Weapon Against Coronaviruses 262.5 Conclusion 27References 283 Influence of Environmental Factors in Transmission of COVID- 19 35Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani3.1 Introduction 353.2 Temperature, Humidity, and Transmission of COVID- 19 373.3 Precipitation and Its Effects on COVID- 19 Transmission 373.4 Food Industry and COVID- 19 Transmission 383.5 Water and Sewage as a Medium for COVID- 19 Transmission 393.6 COVID- 19 Transmission via Air 393.7 Transmission of COVID- 19 Through Insects 403.8 Personal Hygiene Amidst COVID- 19 Transmission 413.9 Prevalence of SARS- CoV- 2 423.10 Disinfection of Surfaces – SARS- CoV- 2 463.10.1 Suspension Tests for Surface Disinfection 463.10.2 Carrier Tests for Surface Disinfection 473.10.3 Ultraviolet (UV- C) Radiation- Mediated Disinfection of SARS- CoV- 2 473.11 Conclusion 50References 514 Models and Strategies for Controlling the Transmission of COVID- 19 59Yigĭtcan Sümbelli, Semra Köse, Rüstem Keçili, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain4.1 Introduction 594.2 Routes for the Transmission of COVID- 19 604.3 Models for the Transmission of COVID- 19 614.4 Strategies for the Transmission Control of COVID- 19 624.5 Conclusions 64References 645 Traditional Analytical Techniques and Sampling of COVID- 19 67Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao, Pratik Kulkarni, and Deepak Rawtani5.1 Introduction 675.2 Sample Collection from Patients 685.2.1 Sample Acquisition from Nose 695.2.2 Sample Acquisition from Saliva 695.2.3 Stool Sample Acquisition 705.2.3.1 Sample Collection from Environmental Surfaces 705.2.3.2 Timing of the Environmental Sample Collection 715.2.3.3 Environmental Sampling Methods and Procedure 715.2.3.4 Transport and Storage of the Samples 715.2.3.5 Novel Sample Collection Technique 725.2.3.6 Current Diagnosis for COVID- 19 725.2.4 Nucleic Acid Testing 735.2.4.1 Reverse Transcription- Based Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) 735.2.4.2 Real- Time RT- PCR (rRT- PCR) 735.2.5 Computed Tomography 745.3 Conclusion 75References 756 Modern Sensor- Based Techniques for Identification of COVID- 19 79Pratik Kulkarni, Shyam Vasvani, Tejas D. Barot, Piyush K. Rao, and Aayush Dey6.1 Introduction: Current Diagnosis for COVID- 19 796.2 Newer and Emerging Technologies 796.2.1 Isothermal Amplification Assays 806.2.1.1 SHERLOCK Assay 806.2.1.2 RT- LAMP Assay 826.2.2 Protein- Based Tests 826.2.3 Point- of- Care (POC) Testing 836.2.4 Aptamer- Based Assay Techniques 846.2.4.1 Rapid Lateral Flow Platforms Based on Aptamer Technology 856.2.4.2 Aptamer- Based Diagnostics of COVID- 19 in the Future 866.2.5 Other Novel Technologies Developed for SARS- CoV- 2 Detection 886.2.5.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Sensor 886.2.5.2 Field- Effect Transistor (FET) 886.2.5.3 Cell- Based Potentiometric Biosensor 896.3 Conclusion 90References 907 Advanced Digital Tools for Tracing and Analysis of COVID- 19 95Archana Singh, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani7.1 Introduction 957.2 Developments in Digital Strategies for COVID- 19 967.2.1 Monitoring of COVID- 19 Infection 967.2.2 Digital Techniques in Tracing and Analysis 977.2.2.1 Flow Modeling Tools 987.2.2.2 Quarantine Compliance Tools 987.2.2.3 COVID- 19 Symptom Tracking Tools 997.2.2.4 Proximity Tracing Tools for COVID- 19 997.2.2.5 Contact Tracing Tool 997.2.2.6 Quarantine and Self- Isolation 1037.3 Artificial Intelligence in Curbing COVID- 19 1037.3.1 Predictive Models and Tracking of COVID- 19 via AI 1047.3.2 AI in the Screening of COVID- 19 Cases 1047.3.3 Pre- Diagnostics of COVID- 19 and AI 1057.3.4 AI in Protein Structure Mapping 1057.3.5 AI and Development of Vaccines 1057.3.6 AI in Genomics 1057.4 Conclusion 105References 1068 Challenges and Preventive Interventions in COVID- 19 Transmission through Domestic Chemistry Hygiene: A Critical Assessment 111Kanika Sharma, Payal Kesharwani, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Gunjan Sharma, Swapnil Sharma, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain8.1 Introduction 1118.2 Bioaerosolization: Ground for Transmission of SARS- CoV- 2 1128.3 Fomites: Role in the Transmission of COVID- 19 1138.4 Vulnerable Places for COVID- 19 1148.5 Exposure to SARS- CoV- 2 in Aerosolized Wastewater and Dynamic from the Sanitary Plumbing System 1168.5.1 Bioaerosol Generation by Toilet Flushing 1168.5.2 Bioaerosol Produced During Wastewater Treatment 1168.5.3 Bioaerosol Produced During Irrigation 1168.6 Scientific and Technological Solution for the Hygiene of Toilet Area to Curb COVID- 19 and Other Infections 1178.6.1 Maintaining Hygiene and Sanitation of Bathroom by Physical and Chemical Disinfection 1178.6.2 Antimicrobial Surface 1188.6.3 Anti- adhesive Surface 1198.6.4 No- Contact Use for the Operation of Sanitary Facility: Sensor Technology 1208.6.5 Inexpensive Preventive Approaches Used at Home 1208.6.6 Technology to Detect Virus 1218.6.7 Steps for Wastewater Management 1228.7 Conclusive Remarks and Prospects for Future Research 122Acknowledgments 122Conflict of Interest 122References 1239 Industries and COVID- 19 127Pratik Kulkarni, Shyam Vasvani, Tejas D. Barot, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani9.1 Introduction 1279.2 Renewable and Green Energy Industries 1299.3 Agriculture Industry 1309.4 Petroleum and Oil Industry 1309.5 Manufacturing Industry 1319.6 Education 1319.7 Health Care Industry 1329.8 Pharmaceutical Industry 1329.9 Hospitality 1339.10 Tourism 1339.11 Air Travel 1349.12 Real Estate and Housing Industry 1349.13 Sports Industry 1359.14 Information Technology, Media, Research and Development 1359.15 Food Sector 1369.16 Conclusion 137References 13810 Ramifications of Coronavirus on the Environment 143Elisa Kalugendo, Manka Marycleopha, Piyush K. Rao, and Dharmesh Silajiya10.1 Introduction 14310.2 Footprints of Coronavirus Pandemic on the Surroundings (Mother Nature) 14410.3 Increase in Hospital Wastes 14510.4 COVID- 19 Declined Global Warming 14610.5 Poor Management of Waste 14610.6 Reset of Nature 14710.7 Soil Contamination 14810.8 Destruction of Arable Land 14910.9 Increased Poaching Activity 15010.10 COVID- 19 Resulted in the Loss of a Great Number of People 15010.11 Negligence of Environmental Sanitation 15110.12 Decrease of Municipal Wastewater Particles 15210.13 Future Implications 153References 15411 Management of Risks Associated with COVID- 19 159Shrutika Singla, Shruthi Subhash, and Amarnath Mishra11.1 Introduction 15911.2 Types 16011.3 Origin 16111.4 Structure 16211.5 Risk Associated with COVID- 19 16311.5.1 Risk at Hospitals or Point- of- Care Centers 16411.5.2 Risk at Airport and Other Transport Mediums 16511.5.3 Environmental Risk Due to COVID- 19 16511.6 Risk Management and Mitigation 16611.6.1 Gathering Information from Different Sources 16611.6.2 Preventing National and International Traveling 16611.6.3 Vaccination 16711.6.4 Self- Isolation and Quarantine 16711.6.5 Clinical Management 16711.6.6 Masks and PPE Kits Use 16711.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 168References 16812 Case Studies: COVID- 19 and the Environment 171Aayush Dey, Pratik Kulkarni, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani12.1 Introduction 17112.2 COVID- 19 and Its Impact on the Environment – A Case Study of China 17212.3 Environmental Impact of Particulate Matter in Italy Due to COVID- 19 17312.4 Impact Upon the Atmospheric Environment of the Southeast Asia Region 17312.5Impact of COVID- 19 Lockdown on PM 10 , SO 2 , and NO 2 Concentrations in Salé City, Morocco 17512.6 Correlation of Pandemic- Induced Lockdown and Stone Quarrying and Crushing – An Indian Perspective 17512.7 Temperature vs. COVID- 19 Transmission – Brazil 17612.8 Correlation of COVID- 19 and Air Quality in Spain 17712.8.1 Conclusive Statements 17712.9 Weather Impacts COVID- 19 Transmission – A Case Study of Turkey 17812.10 COVID- 19 vs. Ambient Temperature – A Perspective of Canada 17812.11 Conclusion 180References 18013 Effect of Waste Generated Due to COVID- 19 185Saeida Saadat, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani13.1 Introduction 18513.2 Impact of COVID- 19 on Waste Production 18613.3 Classification of Waste Generated Due to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 18713.3.1 Domestic Waste 18713.3.2 Biomedical Waste 18913.4 Reduction in Waste Recycling 19013.5 Environmental Impacts of COVID- 19 19013.6 Management of the Generated Waste Due to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 19213.7 Technical Approaches to Waste Management for the Post- COVID- 19 World 19313.8 Conclusion 195References 19614 Strategies for Effective Waste Management for COVID- 19 203Aayush Dey, Nitasha Khatri, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani14.1 Introduction 20314.2 Composition of Wastes Corresponding to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 20414.3 Solid Waste 20514.3.1 Food Wastes 20514.3.1.1 Probable Management Strategies 20614.3.2 Plastic Wastes 20714.3.2.1 Plastic Waste Management Strategies 20814.3.3 Municipal Solid Waste and Management Strategies 20814.4 Biomedical Wastes 20914.4.1 Hazardous Biomedical Wastes 20914.4.1.1 Infectious Waste 20914.4.1.2 Pathological Waste 20914.4.1.3 Sharps Waste 21114.4.1.4 Chemical Waste 21114.4.1.5 Pharmaceutical Waste 21114.4.1.6 Genotoxic Waste 21114.4.2 Probable Mitigation Strategies for Hazardous Biomedical Wastes Generated Due to COVID- 19 21114.4.2.1 Incineration 21114.4.2.2 Thermal Strategies for Biomedical Waste Mitigation 21214.4.2.3 Biomedical Waste Management- Based via Chemical Techniques 21314.4.2.4 COVID- 19 Biomedical Waste Management via Steam Sterilization Technique 21314.5 A Global Perspective Upon COVID- 19 Waste Management 21414.5.1 India’s Take on COVID- 19 Waste Management 21414.5.2 COVID- 19 Waste Management in Spain 21414.5.3 Practices for COVID- 19 Waste Management by the United States 21514.5.4 China’s COVID- 19 Waste Management Strategy 21514.6 Conclusion 215References 21615 Environmental Policies and Strategies for COVID- 19 221Vimbai Masiyambiri, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani15.1 Introduction 22115.2 Linking Policy with the Environment 22215.3 Challenges of Creating Environmental Policy for COVID- 19 and Subsequent Pandemics 22615.3.1 Reactive Policies 22615.3.2 Proactive Policy Formulation for COVID- 19 22715.3.3 Environmental Indifference, Role of Media and COVID- 19 Environmental Policy 22715.4 Environmental Strategies for COVID- 19 22815.4.1 Risk Analyses and Assessment of COVID- 19 22915.4.2 Implementation of Early Warning Systems in the Environment 22915.4.3 Post- COVID- 19 Crisis Management of the Environment 23015.4.4 Building Infrastructure for Separation of Waste 23115.5 Conclusion 231References 23216 Environmental Implications of Pandemic on Climate 235Sapna Jain, Bhawna Yadav Lamba, Madhuben Sharma, and Sanjeev Kumar16.1 Introduction 23516.2 Cast Study 1: Megacities of India 23616.2.1 Methodology 23616.2.2 Size Description and Data Collection 23616.3 Results and Analysis 23716.3.1 Meteorology and Air Quality in Megacities 23816.4 Cast Study 2: Selected Cities of Rajasthan, India 23916.4.1 Methodology 23916.4.2 Size Description and Data Collection 23916.5 Result and Analysis 24016.5.1 Meteorology and Air Quality: Case Study 2 24116.6 Special Area of Study: Bhiwadi 24116.7 Conclusion 242References 24317 COVID- 19 Pandemic: A Blessing in Disguise 245Pratik Kulkarni, Tejas D. Barot, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani17.1 Introduction: A “Make or Break” Perspective 24517.2 How Coronavirus Is Shaping Sustainable Development 24617.2.1 Moving Toward a Sustainable Future 24817.2.2 Building Back Better After COVID- 19 24917.2.3 Global Shift to Renewable Energy. Is COVID- 19 Slowing It? 25017.2.4 Clean Energy Momentum 25017.3 Reverting to Dirty Fuels 25017.3.1 Part Shortages 25117.4 Consequences of the Pandemic on Fragile States 25117.4.1 Food Systems and the Biodiversity Connection 25117.4.2 Mining, Conflict, and Land Rights 25217.4.3 Prevention of Pandemic and Its Cost Measures 25217.4.4 Prevention of New Pandemics 25317.4.5 Climate Change and Wildlife 25417.4.6 Necessary Responses Needed 25417.5 Energy Security 25517.6 Conclusion 257References 257Index 261