Environmental Engineering

The Late NELSON L. NEMEROW, PHD, was an environmental engineering and water consultant. He was a professor at the University of Miami and the former head of Environmental Engineering at Syracuse University. He published over 210 technical papers and twenty-three textbooks. FRANKLIN J. AGARDY, PHD, is founding partner of Forensic Management Associates. As a civil engineering professor, he developed San Jose State's graduate program in sanitary engineering. He has written, coauthored, or coedited seven textbooks. PATRICK SULLIVAN, PHD, is founding partner of Forensic Management Associates. Prior to his forensics career, he was a senior environmental analyst at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. He has written, coauthored, or coedited five textbooks. The Late JOSEPH A. SALVATO served as a sanitary and public health engineer consultant and assistant commissioner in the Division of Sanitary Engineering for the New York State Department of Health. He was also a Fellow of the ASCE and the APHA and adjunct associate professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

• Preface xiiiContributors xvChapter 1 Water Supply 1T. David ChinnIntroduction 1Groundwater Pollution Hazard 3Travel of Pollution through the Ground 5Disease Transmission 10Water Quantity and Quality 10Water Cycle and Geology 10Groundwater Flow 13Groundwater Classification 16Water Quality 17Sampling and Quality of Laboratory Data 26Sanitary Survey and Water Sampling 30Sampling Frequency 33Water Analyses 36Heterotrophic Plate Count—The Standard Plate Count 37Bacterial Examinations 38Biological Monitoring 42Virus Examination 42Protozoa and Helminths Examination 43Specific Pathogenic Organisms 43Physical Examinations 44Microscopic Examination 46Chemical Examinations 48Drinking Water Additives 68Water Quantity 69Water Conservation 70Water Reuse 75Source and Protection of Water Supply 77General 77Groundwater 88Dug Well 88Bored Well 89Driven and Jetted Well 90Drilled Well 91Well Development 93Grouting 96Well Contamination—Cause and Removal 99Spring 101Infiltration Gallery 101Cistern 103Domestic Well-Water Supplies—Special Problems 105Household Treatment Units (Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry) 108Desalination 111References 118Bibliography 126Chapter 2 Water Treatment 133T. David ChinnTreatment of Water—Design and Operation Control 133Introduction 133Surface Water 134Treatment Required 135Disinfection 136Gas Chlorinator 137Testing for Residual Chlorine 138Chlorine Treatment for Operation and Microbiological Control 139Distribution System Contamination 145Plain Sedimentation 146Microstraining 146Coagulation, Flocculation, and Settling 147Filtration 149Slow Sand Filter 149Rapid Sand (Granular Media) Filter 151Direct Filtration 157Pressure Sand Filter 160Diatomaceous Earth Filter 160Package Water Treatment Plant 161Water Treatment Plant Wastewater and Sludge 162Causes of Tastes and Odors 162Control of Microorganisms 163Zebra Mussel and Its Control 169Aquatic Weed Control 169Other Causes of Tastes and Odors 170Methods to Remove or Reduce Objectionable Tastes and Odors 172Iron and Manganese Occurrence and Removal 182Corrosion Cause and Control 187Removal of Inorganic Chemicals 197Prevention and Removal of Organic Chemicals 201Water System Design Principles 205Water Quantity 205Design Period 206Watershed Runoff and Reservoir Design 206Intakes and Screens 208Pumping 209Distribution Storage Requirements 210Peak Demand Estimates 213Distribution System Design Standards 217Small Distribution Systems 220Fire Protection 220Cross-Connection Control 222Hydropneumatic Systems 226Pumps 231Displacement Pump 231Centrifugal Pump, Also Submersible and Turbine 233Jet Pump 235Air-Lift Pump 235Hydraulic Ram 236Pump and Well Protection 237Pump Power and Drive 237Automatic Pump Control 239Water Hammer 239Rural Water Conditions in the United States 240Design of a Household Water System 242Examples 242Design of Small Water Systems 242Design of a Camp Water System 255Water System Cost Estimates 255Cleaning and Disinfection 257Wells and Springs 258Pipelines 260Storage Reservoirs and Tanks 261Emergency Water Supply and Treatment 262Boiling 263Chlorination 263Iodine 266Filtration in an Emergency 267Bottled, Packaged, and Bulk Water 267References 269Bibliography 278Chapter 3 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 283John R. KieferDisease Hazard 283Criteria for Proper Wastewater Disposal 285Definitions 285Small Wastewater Disposal Systems 288Wastewater Characteristics 289Soil Characteristics 289Soil Suitability 290Pollutant Travel from Septic Systems 291Soil Percolation Test 291Sewage Flow Estimates 293Septic Tank 295Care of Septic Tank and Subsurface Absorption Systems 299Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems 301Absorption Field System 301Leaching Pit 305Cesspool 305Dry Well 306Small Wastewater Disposal Systems for Unsuitable Soils or Sites 308General 308Modified Septic Tank Soil Absorption System 308Example 309Capillary Seepage Trench 309Raised Bed Absorption-Evapotranspiration System 310Septic Tank Sand Filter System 312Aerobic Sewage Treatment Unit 315Septic Tank Mound System 315Example 1 317Electric Osmosis System 318Septic Tank Evapotranspiration System 318Example 2 320Water Conservation 321Sewage Works Design—Small Treatment Plants 322Disinfection 322Physical-Chemical Treatment 326Sedimentation 326Coagulation/Flocculation 326Filtration 327Activated Carbon Adsorption 328Biological Treatment 328Wastewater Reuse 334Wastewater Aerosol Hazard 335Wastewater Disposal by Land Treatment 336Advanced Wastewater Treatment 341Typical Designs for Small Treatment Plants 344Standard-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank 344High-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank 346Intermittent Sand Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank or Septic Tank 347Design of Large Treatment Plants 347Biosolids Treatment and Disposal 352Cost of Sewage Treatment 357Industrial Wastes 360Hazardous and Toxic Liquid Wastes 360Pretreatment 362References 363Bibliography 367Index 371