Environmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law

Ricardo M. Pereira, LL.M. (London), Ph.D. (2009) in Law, Essex University, is Senior Lecturer in Law at Cardiff University, Law & Politics School. He previously held the positions of Senior Lecturer in Law and Sustainability at the University of Westminster, Business School, United Kingdom; and Lecturer in Environmental and Energy Law at Imperial College, London. He has published in the fields of public international law, environmental law, European criminal law and human rights law in peer-reviewed periodicals such as the Melbourne Journal of International Law, the Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, the Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law; and the European Energy and Environmental Law Review, as well as chapters in books. He is co-editor of Environmental and Energy Law, published by Wiley-Blackwell in 2012.

• Excerpt of Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of the Book and Subject Matter 1.2 Overview of International and European Developments 1.3 The Structure of the Book 2 The Role of the Criminal Law for the Protection of the Environment 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Defining ‘Environmental Crime’ 2.3 Rationales for the Criminalisation of Environmental Offences 2.4 Alternatives to Criminal Liability 2.5 Conclusions 3 The Internationalisation of Environmental Criminal Law: Rationales, Basis and Prospects 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Rationales for the Internationalisation of Environmental Criminal Law 3.3 The Rationales for Regionalisation of Environmental Criminal Law 3.4 The Basis for Environmental Criminal Liability under International Law 3.5 Conceptualising the Crime of ‘Ecocide’ 3.6 The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over International Environmental Crime 3.7 Criminalisation and Enforcement under Multilateral Environmental Agreements 3.8 Improving Inter-agency Cooperation Against Environmental Crime 3.9 Conclusions 4 The Degrees of Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Notion of Legal Harmonisation 4.3 The Degrees of Interstate Harmonisation of Criminal Law 4.4 Approximation or Cooperation? The Principle of Mutual Recognition in eu Criminal Law 4.5 The Format of the Legal Instrument Harmonising Environmental Criminal Law: The Choice between Directives and Regulations 4.6 Direct and Indirect Effect of Environmental Crime Legislation 4.7 Approaches to Legislative Harmonisation 4.8 Conclusions 5 The Competence to Harmonise Environmental Criminal Law in the European Union 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Competence of the European Union in the Environmental Law Field 5.3 The Choice of Legal Basis for Harmonisation of EU Environmental Law 5.4 The Creation of an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in the EU 5.5 The Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law at the Supranational Level – Pre-Lisbon Developments 5.6 The Lisbon Treaty and the Future of EU Environmental Criminal Law 5.7 Legal Principles Limiting the Future Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law in the EU 5.8 Conclusions 6 The Harmonisation of Substantive Environmental Criminal Law and Penalties 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Criminal Offences 6.3 Complicity 6.4 General Structure of the Criminal Offences 6.5 The Range of Offences in the European Environmental Crime Legislation 6.6 The Harmonisation of Corporate Criminal Liability Rules 6.7 Rules on Prosecution and Jurisdiction 6.8 The Harmonisation of Criminal Penalties 6.9 Conclusions 7 Could the Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law Improve the Enforcement of Environmental Law? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Methodology Applied in the Chapter 7.3 Criminal v. Administrative and Civil Law 7.4 Assessing the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Mechanisms and Sanctions 7.5 General Structural Aspects of Enforcement: The Powers to Investigate, Prosecute and Adjudicate 7.6 Procedural Aspects 7.7 Conclusions on Comparative Analysis of Enforcement Mechanisms 7.8 Assessing the need for Harmonisation of Environmental Criminal Law 7.9 Conclusions 8 Concluding Remarks Bibliography Index

"In conclusion, the book is a very well-documented account of the main issues relating to the legal regulation of environmental crime especially from the EU law perspective. It refers extensively to relevant literature and it is evident that the Author has undertaken great efforts in the comparative research completed"; International Community Law Review, vol. 18, issue 3-4; Dr. Elena Fasoli, University of London."This book illustrates comprehensively and convincingly the implications of environmental criminal law as a topic of both great theoretical interest and of highest practical importance being a number one global challenge in the 21st century"; European Energy and Environmental Law Review, vol 27 (2018) issue 2, p.71-75; Vanessa Kisseler, Humboldt University Berlin.This work has been cited in the United Nations Environment Programme's comprehensive study on environmental crime globally: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25713/knowledge_crime_envImpacts.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1