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IN-DEPTH REFERENCE SHOWING READERS HOW TO MAXIMIZE HYDROCARBON RECOVERY THROUGH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND ENERGY TRANSITION APPLICATIONS Enhanced Recovery Processes serves as a comprehensive reference for readers aiming to maximize hydrocarbon recovery from reservoirs that are close to exhausting their primary and secondary production methods, addressing a changing paradigm not only in terms of evolving and emerging technologies but also in the era of energy transition. The book includes coverage of recovery enhancement techniques in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs, as well as the novel techniques developed in the oil and gas industry. In this book, we use the term Enhanced Recovery (ER) in a broader sense than its traditional usage. While Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) remains an important component, our definition of ER encompasses enhanced hydrocarbon recovery as well as other innovative recovery strategies that align with the evolving needs of the energy transition. By adopting ER as an umbrella concept, we emphasize not only improved methods for extracting hydrocarbons but also emerging technologies and practices that contribute to efficiency, sustainability, and the integration of low-carbon solutions into the energy system. In this book, readers will learn how Enhanced Recovery (EOR) processes have the potential to be a bridge technology leading to the energy transition, enabling continued oil production while reducing its environmental impact. By achieving this dual objective, EOR processes help countries not only meet energy demand, but also satisfy emission/climate goals. The authors show how this approach is particularly important in the world where oil production cannot stop without important ramifications where instant/very short-term switching to renewables is not feasible. Enhanced Recovery Processes includes information on: Cold heavy oil production, covering inert gas injection (IGI) and gravity drainage approaches, heavy oil polymers, and foamy oilChemical enhanced recovery, covering wettability and fluid flow in reservoir rocks, wettability alteration floods, polymer floods, and alkali floodingGas injection methods, covering cyclic gas injection, miscible and immiscible CO2 and hydrocarbon gas flooding, and flue gas injectionAlternative/novel methods including sound waves, ultrasonic high frequency and seismic low frequency, pressure pulsing, and solar/thermalSynergistic application of EOR techniques for carbon capture, utilization and storageDelivering state-of-the-art technology applications and research, Enhanced Recovery Processes is a timely, essential read on the subject for all researchers and practitioners in the oil and gas industry as well as the mining, utility, and energy industries.
CENK TEMIZEL is Chief Technology Officer, Terra Altai. BIROL DINDORUK, PHD, Professor, George and Joan Voneiff Professorship Affiliated Faculty, Chemical Engineering, TX, United States. JYOTI PHIRANI, PHD, is a senior data scientist at Baker Hughes.
Contributors xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgments xviiBios xix1 Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1Jorge Saldana1.1 Introduction 11.2 Current Status of Enhanced Recovery in Oil and Gas Industry 21.3 Fundamental Concepts and Reservoir Characterization Techniques for EOR Methods 71.4 EOR and the Energy Transition to Renewables 91.5 Summary 112 Advances in Cold Heavy Oil Production 17Jorge Saldana2.1 Introduction 172.2 Fundamental Concepts 182.3 Theories and Methods 192.4 Case Studies and Applications 362.5 AI Applications 452.6 Applications Toward Net Zero/Energy Transition and Economics 512.7 Summary and Conclusions 602.8 Nomenclature 633 Waterflooding 73Jorge Saldana3.1 Introduction 733.2 Fundamental Concepts 743.3 Theories and Methods 783.4 Case Studies and Applications 1033.5 AI Applications 1073.6 Applications Toward Net Zero/Energy Transition and Economics 1133.7 Summary and Conclusions 1173.8 Nomenclature 1194 Chemical Enhanced Recovery 131Kishore K. Mohanty and Krishna Panthi4.1 Introduction 1314.2 Mechanisms of Enhancing Oil Recovery 1324.3 Wettability and Fluid Flow in Reservoir Rocks 1354.4 Wettability Alteration Flood 1404.5 Polymer Flood 1524.6 Alkali Flood 1584.7 Surfactant Flood 1654.8 ACP Flood 1864.9 Nanoparticle EOR 1904.10 Case Studies/Applications 1944.11 AI Applications 2004.12 Applications Toward Net Zero/Energy Transition 2014.13 Environmental and Economic Aspects 2014.14 Summary and Conclusions 2024.15 Nomenclature 2035 Gas Injection and EOR Processes 225Akshit Agarwal, Ekrem Alagoz, and Jyoti Phirani5.1 Introduction 2255.2 Fundamentals of Gas–Oil Interaction 2275.3 Screening Criteria for Gas Injection Projects 2365.4 CO2-based Gas-EOR Processes 2415.5 Flue Gas Injection Processes 2475.6 Gas Injection Methods 2535.7 Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Gas Injection EOR 2615.8 Summary and Outlook 2656 Thermal EOR Methods 273Jorge Saldana6.1 Introduction 2736.2 Fundamental Concepts and Theories 2746.3 TEOR Methods 2766.4 AI Applications 2976.5 Applications toward Net-zero/Energy Transition, and Economic Aspects 3006.6 Summary and Conclusions 3036.7 Nomenclature 3057 Alternative and Miscellaneous Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery 313Jorge Saldana7.1 Introduction 3137.2 Methods 3147.3 AI Applications and Environmental Considerations 3397.4 Summary and Conclusions 3437.5 Nomenclature 3448 Recovery Enhancement in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs 351Ekrem Alagoz and Baris Tali8.1 Introduction 3518.2 EOR Techniques for Shale Reservoirs 3528.3 Conclusion 3909 Application of EOR Techniques for Carbon Capture and Storage 395Bin Yuan, Xiaocong Lyu, Wei Zhang, Gang Huang, and Abhijit Dandekar9.1 Introduction 3959.2 CO2 Capture and Transportation 4019.3 CO2 Sequestration and Leakage 4119.4 CO2-EOR Technologies 4209.5 Chemical-enhanced CO2-EOR 4289.6 Stored CO2 Management and Surveillance 4339.7 Summary and Conclusion 4459.8 Nomenclature 44610 Novel EOR Techniques and Future Directions 463Jorge Saldana10.1 Introduction 46310.2 Novel EOR Techniques 46510.3 EOR in the Energy Transition: Future Directions 47310.4 Nomenclature 476References 476Index 479