Energy Geostructures

Lyesse Laloui, Chair Professor and Head Soil mechanics, Geoengineering and CO2 storage Laboratory; Director of the Civil Engineering; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Alice Di Donna, Researcher at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.

• Preface xiiiLyesse LALOUI and Alice DI DONNAPart 1 Physical Modeling Of Energy Piles At Different Scales 1Chapter 1 Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures 3Alice DI DONNA and Lyesse LALOUI1.1 Introduction 41.2 Thermomechanical behavior of soils 51.2.1 Thermomechanical behavior of clays 61.3 Constitutive modeling of the thermomechanical behaviour of soils 121.3.1 The ACMEG-T model 121.4 Acknowledgments 181.5 Bibliography 18Chapter 2 Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles 23Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI2.1 Monitoring the thermomechanical response of energy piles 232.1.1 Measuring strains and temperature along the piles 232.1.2 Measuring pile tip compression 272.1.3 Monitoring the behavior of the soil 272.2 Description of the two full-scale in situ experimental sites 282.2.1 Single full-scale test pile 282.2.2 Full-scale test on a group of energy piles 312.2.3 Testing procedure 322.3 Thermomechanical behavior of energy piles 362.3.1 General methodology 362.3.2 Thermomechanical response of the single test pile 382.3.3 Thermomechanical response of a group of energy piles 402.4 Conclusions 422.5 Bibliography 42Chapter 3 Observed Response of Energy Geostructures 45Peter BOURNE-WEBB3.1 Overview of published observational data sources 453.2 Thermal storage and harvesting 463.2.1 Overview 463.2.2 Energy injection/extraction rates 473.2.3 Thermal fields 523.3 Thermomechanical effects 583.3.1 Overview 583.3.2 Structural effects 583.3.3 Soil-structure interactions 623.4 Summary 653.5 Acknowledgments 663.6 Bibliography 67Chapter 4 Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling 79Anh Minh TANG, Jean-Michel PEREIRA, Ghazi HASSEN and Neda YAVARI4.1 Introduction 794.2 Physical modeling of pile foundations 804.2.1 Boundary conditions 804.2.2 Mechanical loading system 814.2.3 Monitoring 814.2.4 Pile’s behavior 824.3 Physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 834.3.1 Experimental setup 834.3.2 Mechanical behavior of a pile under thermomechanical loading 854.3.3 Heat transfer 894.3.4 Soil–pile interface 904.3.5 Lessons learned from physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 914.4 Conclusions 944.5 Acknowledgments 944.6 Bibliography 94Chapter 5 Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations 99John S MCCARTNEY5.1 Introduction 995.2 Background on thermomechanical soil–structure interaction 1005.3 Centrifuge modeling concepts 1015.4 Centrifuge modeling components 1015.4.1 Centrifuge model fabrication and characterization 1015.4.2 Experimental setup 1035.5 Centrifuge modeling tests for semi-floating foundations 1055.5.1 Soil details 1055.5.2 Foundation A: isothermal load tests to failure 1065.5.3 Foundation B: thermomechanical stress–strain modeling 1105.6 Conclusions 1135.7 Acknowledgments 1135.8 Bibliography 114Part 2 Numerical Modeling Of Energy Geostructures 117Chapter 6 Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures 119Fabrice DUPRAY, Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI6.1 Small, dispersed foundations for deck de-icing 1206.1.1 Heat demand and specificities of small foundations 1216.1.2 Modeling of the pile 1226.1.3 Results and analysis 1266.2 Heat-exchanger anchors 1316.2.1 Technical aspects and possible users 1316.2.2 Method of investigation 1326.2.3 Optimizing the heat production 1346.2.4 Mechanical implications of heat production 1356.3 Conclusions 1366.4 Acknowledgments 1376.5 Bibliography 137Chapter 7 Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading 139Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH, Sébastien BURLON and Julien HABERT7.1 Introduction 1397.2 Bearing capacity of a pile under an additional thermal load 1407.3 A constitutive law of soil–pile interface under cyclic loading: the Modjoin law 1437.4 Numerical analysis of a thermoactive pile under thermal cyclic loading 1457.4.1 Reaction to the upper structure 1477.4.2 Normal force in the pile 1487.4.3 Mobilized shaft frictions at the soil–pile interface 1487.5 Recommendation for real-scale thermoactive piles 1507.5.1 Effect of different loading rates for the applied mechanical load 1507.5.2 Effect of thermoactive piles on piled raft foundation 1507.6 Conclusions 1537.7 Acknowledgments 1537.8 Bibliography 154Chapter 8 Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils 157John S MCCARTNEY, Charles J.R COCCIA, Nahed ALSHERIF and Melissa A STEWART8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Thermally induced water flow 1598.3 Thermal volume change in unsaturated soils 1608.4 Thermal effects on soil strength and stiffness 1618.5 Thermal effects on hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils 1638.6 Thermal effects on soil–geosynthetic interaction 1648.7 Conclusions 1678.8 Acknowledgments 1678.9 Bibliography 167Chapter 9 Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates 175Ghassan Anis AKROUCH, Marcelo SANCHEZ and Jean-Louis BRIAUD9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Climatic factors and their effects on soil conditions and properties 1759.3 Saturated and unsaturated soil thermal properties and heat transfer 1779.4 Impact of soil conditions on energy geostructures performance 1799.4.1 Laboratory experimental design 1799.4.2 Numerical modeling 1809.4.3 Laboratory test and numerical results 1839.4.4 Modeling the full pile 1869.5 Full scale tests on energy piles 1879.6 Conclusions 1899.7 Acknowledgments 1909.8 Bibliography 190Chapter 10 Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil 193Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH and Sébastien BURLON10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Heat transfer phenomenon 19410.2.1 Soil properties 19510.2.2 Energy conservation in the transient regime 19610.3 Numerical modeling of thermal diffusion in a thermoactive pile 19710.3.1 A two-dimensional model – internal diffusion in the thermoactive pile 19810.3.2 A three-dimensional model – external diffusion to the surrounding soil 20110.4 Impact of the long-term thermal operation 20210.4.1 Groundwater flow effect on the heat diffusion 20210.4.2 Mechanical durability under thermal cyclic stress 20510.5 Conclusions 20510.6 Acknowledgments 20710.7 Bibliography 208Chapter 11 Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations 211C Guney OLGUN and G Allen BOWERS11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Ground-source heating of bridge decks 21311.3 Thermal processes and evaluation of energy demand for ground-source de-icing systems 21411.4 Numerical modeling and analysis results 21611.5 Summary and conclusions 22311.6 Acknowledgments 22311.7 Bibliography 224Part 3 Engineering Practice 227Chapter 12 Delivery of Energy Geostructures 229Peter BOURNE-WEBB with contributions from Tony AMIS, Jean-Baptiste BERNARD, Wolf  FRIEDEMANN, Nico VON DER HUDE, Norbert PRALLE, Veli Matti UOTINEN and Bernhard WIDERIN12.1 Introduction 22912.2 Planning and design 23012.2.1 Coordination and communication 23012.2.2 Design management 23112.2.3 System design redundancy 23112.2.4 Awareness and skills training 23412.3 Construction 23612.3.1 Process quality control 23612.3.2 Installation details 23712.4 System integration and commissioning 26012.5 Summary 26112.6 Acknowledgments 26212.7 Bibliography 262Chapter 13 Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles 265Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI13.1 Basic assumptions 26513.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical implementation 26613.2.1 The load-transfer method 26613.2.2 Displacements induced by the mechanical load 26813.2.3 Displacements induced by the thermal load 26913.3 Validation of the method 27013.4 Piled-beams with energy piles 27113.4.1 General method 27213.4.2 Determination of the integration constants 27513.4.3 Example of simulation 27613.5 Conclusions 27713.6 Acknowledgments 27813.7 Bibliography 278Chapter 14 A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport 281Daniel PAHUD14.1 The Dock Midfield 28114.2 Design process of the energy pile system 28214.2.1 Pile system concept 28214.2.2 Problems to solve 28314.2.3 First calculations 28414.2.4 Second calculations 28514.2.5 Third calculations 28714.2.6 Final simulations using the TRNSYS program 28814.3 The PILESIM program 28814.4 System design and measurement points 28914.5 Measured thermal performances of the system 29114.6 System optimization and integration 29314.7 Conclusions 29414.8 Acknowledgments 29514.9 Bibliography 295List of Authors 297