Energy Audits

A Workbook for Energy Management in Buildings

Häftad, Engelska, 2011

AvTarik Al-Shemmeri,UK) Al-Shemmeri, Tarik (University of Staffordshire

769 kr

Beställningsvara. Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar. Fri frakt för medlemmar vid köp för minst 249 kr.

Energy efficiency is today a crucial topic in the built environment - for both designers and managers of buildings. This increased interest is driven by a combination of new regulations and directives within the EU and worldwide to combat global warming. All buildings now must now acquire and display an EPC (energy performance certificate), a rating similar to the A–G rating given to white goods. But in order to understand how to be more efficient in energy use, you need first to understand the mechanisms of both energy requirements and how energy is used in buildings. Energy Audits: a workbook for energy management in buildings tackles the fundamental principles of thermodynamics through day-to-day engineering concepts and helps students understand why energy losses occur and how they can be reduced. It provides the tools to measure process efficiency and sustainability in power and heating applications, helping engineers to recognize why energy losses occur and how they can be reduced utilizing familiar thermodynamic principles.The author describes the sources of energy available today; explains how energy is used in buildings – and how energy is lost - and how this can be controlled and reduced. Investments in energy efficiency are considered for a number of case studies conducted on real buildingsThe book explains the theory; illustrates it with case studies and worked examples; and then tests students’ understanding with tutorial problems. This is an invaluable resource for students on engineering and building courses where energy management is now a core topic.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2011-09-23
Mått173 x 246 x 18 mm
Vikt699 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor320
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9780470656082

Tillhör följande kategorier

Preface xi Acknowledgements xiiiDimensions and Units xvList of Figures xxiList of Tables xxv1 Energy and the Environment 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Forms of energy 21.2.1 Mechanical energy 21.2.2 Electrical energy 31.2.3 Chemical energy 41.2.4 Nuclear energy 41.2.5 Thermal energy 51.3 Energy conversion 61.4 The burning question 81.4.1 Combustion of coal 91.4.2 Combustion of oil 101.4.3 Combustion of natural gas 101.5 Environmental impact from fossil fuels 111.6 Energy worldwide 121.7 Energy and the future 131.7.1 The dream scenario 151.7.2 The renewable scenario 151.8 Worked examples 151.9 Tutorial problems 191.10 Case Study: Future energy for the world 202 Energy Audits for Buildings 232.1 The need for an energy audit 242.2 The energy benchmarking method 252.2.1 Benchmarking step by step 252.2.2 How savings can be achieved 292.3 The degree-days concept 332.3.1 Regression of degree-day and energy consumption data 332.4 Energy Performance Certificates 342.5 Worked examples 362.6 Tutorial problems 433 Building Fabric’s Heat Loss 453.1 Modes of heat transfer 463.2 Fourier’s law of thermal conduction 463.2.1 Conduction through a planar wall 463.2.2 Radial conduction through a pipe wall 473.3 Heat transfer by convection 483.3.1 Convective heat transfer: experimental correlations 493.3.2 Free convection 503.3.3 Forced convection 503.4 Heat transfer through a composite wall separating two fluids 513.5 Heat exchange through a tube with convection on both sides 523.6 A composite tube with fluid on the inner and outer surfaces 533.7 Heat transfer by radiation 543.8 Building fabric’s heat load calculations 553.9 Energy efficiency and the environment 573.9.1 Space heating 573.9.2 Insulation standards 583.9.3 The economics of heating 583.10 Worked examples 603.11 Tutorial problems 674 Ventilation 694.1 Aims of ventilation 704.2 Air quality 704.2.1 Minimum fresh air requirements 714.2.2 Composition of respired air 714.3 Ventilation methods 734.3.1 Natural ventilation 744.3.2 Mechanical or forced ventilation 754.4 Ventilation flow calculations 764.4.1 Volume flow calculations 764.4.2 Ventilation heat load calculations 764.4.3 Ventilation calculations based on CO2 build-up 764.5 Fans 774.5.1 Fan laws 784.5.2 Selection of fans 784.5.3 Calculation of ventilation fan duty 794.5.4 Pressure drop calculation 794.5.5 Energy efficiency in ventilation systems 814.6 Worked examples 824.7 Tutorial problems 914.8 Case Study: The National Trust’s ventilation system 925 Heat Gains in Buildings 995.1 Introduction 1005.2 Lighting 1005.2.1 Lighting criteria 1005.2.2 Lighting terminology 1015.2.3 Measurement of light intensity 1025.2.4 Types of lamp 1025.3 Energy-saving measures for lighting 1045.4 Casual heat gains from appliances 1055.5 Occupants’ heat gains 1065.6 Worked examples 1065.7 Tutorial problems 1105.8 Case Study: Calculation of heating load for a building – options 1116 Thermal Comfort 1156.1 Thermal comfort in human beings 1166.2 Energy balance of the human body 1166.3 Latent heat losses 1176.3.1 Heat loss by diffusion 1186.3.2 Heat loss by evaporation 1196.3.3 Heat loss by respiration 1196.4 Sensible heat losses 1196.4.1 Heat loss by conduction 1206.4.2 Heat loss by convection 1206.4.3 Heat loss by radiation 1206.5 Estimation of thermal comfort 1246.5.1 Determination of comfort temperature, PMV and PPD 1246.6 Worked examples 1256.7 Tutorial problems 1317 Refrigeration, Heat Pumps and the Environment 1337.1 Introduction 1347.2 History of refrigeration 1357.3 Refrigeration choice and environmental impact 1367.3.1 TEWI calculation 1397.4 Refrigeration system components 1397.4.1 The compressor unit 1407.4.2 The expansion valve 1427.4.3 The condenser 1447.4.4 The evaporator 1457.5 Heat pump and refrigeration cycles 1467.5.1 The heat engine 1467.5.2 Reversed heat engine (heat pump/refrigerator) 1477.5.3 Carnot refrigeration cycle 1497.5.4 Simple refrigeration cycle 1507.5.5 Practical refrigeration cycle 1507.5.6 Irreversibilities in the refrigeration cycle 1527.5.7 Multi-stage compression 1537.5.8 Multipurpose refrigeration systems with a single compressor 1557.6 Worked examples 1567.7 Tutorial problems 1647.8 Case Study: Star Refrigeration Ltd – heat pumps in a chocolate factory. May 2010, UK 1658 Design of Heat Exchangers 1698.1 Types of heat exchanger 1708.1.1 Double-pipe heat exchangers 1708.1.2 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers 1708.1.3 Cross-flow heat exchangers 1708.2 Overall heat transfer coefficient 1728.3 Analysis of heat exchangers 1738.3.1 The logarithmic mean temperature difference method 1738.3.2 The F-method for analysis of heat exchangers 1758.3.3 The effectiveness–NTU method for analysis of heat exchangers 1768.4 Optimisation of heat transfer surfaces (fins) 1818.4.1 Fin types 1818.4.2 Theory of fins 1828.5 Worked examples 1848.6 Tutorial problems 1979 Instrumentation for Energy Management 2019.1 Introduction 2029.2 Temperature measurement 2029.2.1 Expansion thermometers 2029.2.2 Electrical resistance thermometers 2059.2.3 Thermocouples 2089.2.4 Change-of-state thermometers 2099.2.5 Optical pyrometers 2099.2.6 Infrared temperature sensors 2109.2.7 Selection guides for temperature measurement 2119.3 Humidity measurement 2119.3.1 Wet and dry bulb hygrometer 2119.3.2 Liquid-in-steel hygrometers 2129.3.3 Electrical resistance hygrometer 2139.3.4 Hair hygrometer 2139.3.5 Thermal conductivity hygrometer 2149.3.6 Capacitive humidity sensors 2159.4 Pressure measurement 2169.4.1 Barometers 2169.4.2 Bourdon pressure gauge 2169.4.3 Pressure transducers 2179.4.4 Manometers 2189.5 Flow measurement 2199.5.1 Flow measurement by collection 2199.5.2 Flow measurement by rotameter 2199.5.3 Flow measurement by turbine flow meter 2199.5.4 Flow measurement by differential pressure flow meter 2209.5.5 Velocity and flow measured by anemometers 2239.6 Electrical measurements 2259.6.1 Energy in electrical circuits 2259.6.2 Ohm’s law 2259.6.3 Electrical power 2259.6.4 Alternating current power 2269.6.5 Electrical measurements 2279.7 Worked examples 2309.8 Tutorial problems 23410 Renewable Energy Technology 23510.1 Introduction 23610.2 Solar energy 23710.2.1 Solar declination 23810.2.2 Solar altitude angle and azimuth angle 23810.2.3 Solar time and angles 23810.2.4 Solar radiation 23910.2.5 Incidence angle 24010.2.6 Fixed aperture 24010.2.7 Solar tracking 24110.2.8 The aperture intensity 24110.2.9 Energy conversion efficiency 24310.2.10 Installation of photovoltaic modules 24310.2.11 Technology status 24310.2.12 PV system components 24510.3 Wind energy 24810.3.1 Ideal wind power calculation 24910.3.2 Theory of wind turbines 25010.3.3 Wind turbine components 25310.3.4 Types of wind turbine 25310.4 Biomass 25510.4.1 Sources of biomass 25510.4.2 Combustion equation for biomass 25710.5 Hydraulic turbines 25810.5.1 Theory of hydraulic turbines 25810.5.2 Fluid power 26310.5.3 Classification of hydraulic turbines 26410.5.4 Design and selection of hydraulic turbines 26710.5.5 Relationship between specific speed and type of hydraulic turbine 26710.6 Worked examples 26810.7 Tutorial problems 277Appendix: Case Study: Energy audit for a school 279Index 289