Endoscopic Transorbital Surgery of the Orbit, Skull Base and Brain

Theodore H. Schwartz, MD, David and Ursel Barnes Professor of Minimally Invasive Brain Surgery, Vice-Chairman, Clinical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USADoo-Sik Kong, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Kris S. Moe, MD, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

• Introduction: The Transorbital Approaches.- Part I. Anatomy and Classification of the Transorbital Approach.- Superior Eyelid Transorbital Approaches: A Modular Classification System.- Anatomy of the Orbit.- Anatomy of the Skull Base.- Part II. Perspectives on Transorbital Surgery.- The Otolaryngology Perspective.- The Rhinology Perspective.- The Oculoplastics Perspective.- The Neurosurgery Perspective.- The Pediatrics Perspective.- Part III. Sinonasal Pathology.- Sinonasal Tumors.- Part IV. Orbital Pathology.- Extraconal Tumors.- Intraconal Tumors.- Part V. Skull Base Pathology: Middle Fossa.- Meckel’s Cave Schwannomas.- Cavernous Sinus.- Spheno-orbital Meningiomas: Indications and Limitations.- Spheno-orbital Meningiomas: Results.- Middle Fossa Meningiomas.- Intra-axial Temporal Lobe Tumors.- Insular Tumors.- Part VI. Skull Base Pathology: Anterior Fossa.- Traumatic CSF Leaks.- Lateral Sphenoid Sinus CSF Leaks.- Part VII. Skull Base Pathology: Posterior Fossa.- Petrous Apex: Approach and Tumors.- Petrous Apex Meningiomas.- Part VIII. Vascular Pathology.- Approach to the Sylvian Fissure.- Intracranial Aneurysms.- Carotid Cavernous Fistulas.- Ligation of the Middle Meningeal Artery.- Part IX. Technical Nuances.- Anterior Clinoidectomy.- The Sagittal Crest and Mid-Subtemporal Ridge.- Lateral Orbital Rim Osteotomy.- Harvesting a Pericranial Flap.- Reconstruction and Postoperative Care.- Comparison between Supraorbital and Transorbital Approaches.- Choosing Between the Endoscopic Transorbital and the Endonasal Endoscopic Approaches.- Transorbital Approach to the Skull Base Triangles.- Multiportal Surgery.- Part X. Complications of Transorbital Surgery.- Neurologic Complications.- Part XI. Future Applications of Transorbital Surgery.- Transorbital Robotic Surgery and 3D Printing.- 3D Training Model for Endoscopic Endonasal and Transorbital Approaches.