End of the Roman Republic 146 to 44 BC

Catherine Steel is Professor of Classics at the University of Glasgow. She is the author of Cicero, Rhetoric, and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001); Reading Cicero (London: Duckworth, 2005) and numerous articles and book chapters on Cicero, Roman oratory and Roman history. She is currently leading a five-year project funded by the European Research Council to edit the fragments of the Republican Roman orators.

• Abbreviations; Introduction; Section I:146-91 BC; 1. The crises of the later second century BC; 1.1 The Wars in Spain; 1.2 The tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus; 1.3 Rome and the Eastern Mediterranean, 146-122; 1.4 The tribunates of Gaius Gracchus; 1.5 Foreign and domestic politics at the end of the second century BC; 1.6 The outbreak of the Social War; 2. Domestic politics: violence and its accommodation; 2.1 Elite competition; 2.2 Issues and ideology; 3. Imperial power: failure and control; 3.1 The parameters of Roman foreign policy; 3.2 War and imperial expansion; 3.3 The administration of peace; 3.4 Rome and the rest of Italy; Section II: 91-70 BC; 4. Social War, Civil War and the imposition of a new order; 4.1 The Social War; 4.2 Losing the peace: the transition to civil war; 4.3 Domestic politics and foreign affairs in the 80s BC; 4.4 The Sullan res publica; 4.5 The consulship of Pompeius and Crassus: a fresh start?; 5. The limits of autocracy; 5.1 Power and armed force; 5.2 Experiments in autocracy; 5.3 The Sullan res publica; 5.4 Rome, Italy and the Mediterranean; 5.5 Causes of change; Section III: 70-44 BC; 6. The end of the Republic, 70–44 BC; 6.1 The continuing problem of Mithridates; 6.2 Pompeius’ campaigns, 67-62 BC; 6.3 Italian crises; 6.4 Factionalism, the people, and the collapse of order; 6.5 Foreign Policy in the 50s; 6.6 The last years of the Republic; 6.7 The Civil War; 7. Imperial expansion: novelty and success; 7.1 Patterns of expansion; 7.2 Structures and methods of imperial conquest and government; 8. Elite competition, popular discontent and the failure of collective government; 8.1 Political culture at the end of the Republic; 8.2 The career of Pompeius; 8.3 Popular arbitration; 8.4 The implications of Caesar’s dictatorship; Chronology; Guide to Further Reading; Bibliography; Index.

This is a very readable account of a momentous and exceedingly violent time in Roman history. It manages to navigate numerous historiographic debates on this period lucidly.