Encyclopedia of Chinese History

Michael Dillon is Senior Lecturer in the Department of East Asian Studies at Durham University, UK.

• Introduction; A; Abahai (1592–1643); Academia Sinica; Academies ( shuyuan ); Ai Qing (1910–1996); Aidi (27 BC–1 BC r. 7–1 BC); Aigun Treaty; Aisin Gioro; Altan Khan (1508–1582); Amban; Amherst Embassy; An Lushan Rebellion (755–763); Anarchism; Ancestor worship; Andi (94–106 AD r. 106–125); Annals; Annam; Anthropology; Anti-Confucius Campaign, 1973; Anti-Japanese War (War of Resistance against Japan); Anti-Rightist Campaign; Anyang; April 5 th incident; Archaeology; Architecture, Chinese; Archives; Army; Arrow War; Autonomous Regions; Autumn Harvest Uprising; B; Ba Jin (1904–2005); Ba State; Backyard furnaces; Bai Chongxi (1893–1966); Bai Juyi (772–846); Bai Lang Rebellion; Baihua; Baimao nü; Bamboo Annals; Ban Chao; Ban Gu (32–92 AD); Ban Zhao (45-c.116 AD); Bandits; Bandung Conference; Banks; Banner system; Banpocun; Baohuang Hui; Baojia system; Barbarians; Barefoot doctors; Base areas, revolutionary; Bei Dao (1949–); Beijing Opera ( Jingju ); Beijing; Beiyang army; Beiyang Fleet; ; Big character posters ( Dazi bao ); Big Sword Society; Biography; Blue Shirts; Bo Gu (1907–1946); Bo Yibo (1908–2007); Bogue; Bohai kingdom (698–926); Bohai; Bondservants, Imperial; Bon religion; Book of History; Borodin, Mikhail Markovich (1884–1951); Boxer Rising; Braun, Otto (1900–1974); Bronze; Bronze Age; Bucharest Conference; Buddhism; Bureaucracy; C; Cadres; Cai Jing (1047–1126); Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940); Cairo Declaration; Calendars; Calligraphy; Cambodia; Canals; Cantlie, Sir James (1851–1926); Canton system (1757–1842); Cao Cao (155–220); Cao Pi (187–226); Cao Xueqin (1724–1764); Cao Yu (1910–1996); Capital cities; Capitalism, sprouts of; Castiglione, Giuseppe (1688–1766); Cathay; Catholics; Censorate; Central Asia, relations with; Ceramics; Chaha’er; Champa rice; Chan Buddhism; Chang’an; Changchun (1148–1227); Chefoo Convention; Chen Boda (1904–1989); Chen Cheng (1897–1965); Chen Duxiu (1879–1942); Chen dynasty (557–589); Chen Sheng (d. 208 BC); Chen Yi (1883–1950); Chen Yi (1901–1972); Chen Yinke (1890–1969); Chen Yonggui (1913–1986); Chen Yun (1905–1995); Cheng Hao (1032–1085); Cheng Yi (1033–1108); Chengdi (51 BC–7 BC r. 33–7 BC); Chennault, Claire (1893–1958); Chi Ch’ao-ting (1903–1963); Chiang Ching-kuo (1910–1988); Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) 1883–1975; China Proper; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Chinese Communist Party; Chinese Eastern Railway; Chinese language; Chinese medicine; Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC); Chinese Repository; Chinese Communist Youth League (CYL); Chinggis Khan (?1167–1227); Chongdi (143–145 r. 144–145); Chongqing; Chos?n; Christianity; Chu State; Chu; Civil War 1945–1949; Cixi (1835–1908); Clan or lineage organisation; Cohong; Collectivism; Comintern; Commerce; Commercial revolution; Common Programme; Communes, People’s; Compass; Compradors; Concessions, foreign; Concubinage; Confucianism; Confucius (550–479 BC); Constitution of the PRC; Constitutional movement 1901–1911; Courtesans; Cultural Revolution; Customs duties; D; Dadu; Dai Zhen (1724–1777); Dalai Lama; Dalian; Dao de jing; Daoguang Emperor (1712–1850 r. 1820–1850); Daoism; Daqing oilfield; Dawenkou; Daxing, capital; Dazhai Production Brigade; De Wang (1902–1966); Democracy Movement 1989; Democracy Wall; Democratic League; Deng Tuo (1912–1966); Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997); Deng Yingchao (1904–1992); Di Ku; Diamond Sutra; Dictionaries; Ding Ling (1904–1986); Divination; Dixie Mission; Dong Zhongshu (179? –104? BC); Donglin Academy; Dorgon (1612–1650); Dou Wan, Princess; Double Tenth; Dragon Boat Festival; Drama, modern; Drepung; Du Fu (712–770); Duan Qirui (1865–1936); Dujiangyan Irrigation System; Dunhuang; Dynastic Cycle; Dynastic histories; Dynasty; E; East India Compamy; Eastern (Later) Han dynasty (25–220 AD); Eastern Jin (317–420); Eastern Zhou (770–256 BC); Education; Education through labour; Eight Banners; Eight Immortals; Eighth Route Army; Eight Trigrams rebellion; Elder Brother Society; Embassies to China, Western; Emperor; Encirclement campaigns; Encyclopedias; Ennin (794–864); Epidemics; Erligang site; Erlitou; Eunuchs; Ever Victorious Army; Examination system; Exclusion Acts; Extraterritoriality; F; Faxian (c334–c422 AD); Famine; Fan Zhongyan (989–1052); February 28 Incident; Fei Xiaotong (1910–2005); Feng Guifen (1809–1874); Feng Xuefeng (1903–1976); Feng Youlan (1895–1990); Feng Yuxiang (1882–1948); Feng, capital city; Fengshui; Festivals; Feudal system; Fiction; Field armies of the PLA; Filial piety, Xiao; Five Anti Campaign; Five Classics; Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, 907–960; Five elements; Five Emperors; Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence; Five Relationships ( Wulun ); Five-year plans; Food; Footbinding; Forbidden City; Foreign Languages Press; Foreign Matters Movement; Former Kings; Former Shu dynasty 907–925; Four Books; Four Cleanups; Four Modernisations; Four olds; Fu Zuoyi (1895–1974); Fubing system; Funerary customs; Fushe movement; Fuxi; G; Galdan (1644/1632?–1697); Ganden Monastery; Gang of Four; Gao Gang (1905–1954); Gaozu (247–195 BC); Gazetteers; Gelugpa Buddhist order; Genealogies; Gentry; Gobi; Gong, King (r. 922–900 or 917–900 BC); Gong, Prince (1833–1898); Governor; Governor-general; Granary system; Grand Canal; Grand Council; Grand Secretariat; Great Wall; Great Leap Forward; Great Leap Forward, second; Great Learning; Green Gang; Green Standard Army; Guangxu emperor (reigned 1875–1908); Gu Jiegang (1893–1980); Gu Yanwu (1613–1682); Guan Hanqing (1241?–1320?); Guan Zhong (d. 645 BC); Guandi; Guandong Army; Guandong Leased Territory; Guang Wudi (5 BC–57 AD r. 25–57 AD); Guangdong Province; Guangzhou (Canton); Guangzhou commune 1927; Guangzhou Coup 1926; Guanyin (Avalokite?vara); Guanzhong; Guilds; Gunpowder; Guo Moruo (1892–1978); Guo Songtao (1818–1891); Guomindang (Kuomintang); Guoyu; Guwen , ancient script; H; Hai Rui (1514–1587); Hai Rui Dismissed from Office; Hailufeng Soviet; Hakkas; Han Chinese; Han dynasty; Han Feizi (280–233 BC); Han Mingdi (28–75 r. 58–75 AD); Han Yu (768–862); Hangzhou; Hanlin Academy; Hanshu; Hanyu pinyin; Hao, capital city; Hart, Robert (1835–1911); He Long 1896–1969; He Yingqin (1890–1987); Heaven and Earth Society; Heavenly stems and earthly branches; Hedi (25–220 AD r. 88–105); Hedin, Sven Anders (1865–1952); Hegemons, Ba; Helinge’er; Heqin system; Historiography; Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation; Hong Kong; Hongloumeng (Dream of the Red Chamber); Hong merchants; Hong Ren’gan (1822–1864); Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864); Hu Feng (1902–85); Hu Hanmin (1879–1936); Hui; Hu Jintao 1942–; Hu Qiaomu (1912–1992); Hu Shi 1891–1962; Hu Yaobang (1915–1989); Hua Guofeng 1921–2008; Huai Army; Huaihai Campaign; Huainanzi; Huandi (132–168 AD) r.146–168; Huang Chao rebellion; Huang Taopo; Huang Xing (1874–1916); Huang Zongxi (1610–1695); Huangdi (Yellow Emperor); Huangpu (Whampoa) Military Academy; Hui Shi 350–260 BC; Huidi (210–188 BC) r. 195–188 BC; Huizhou merchants; Hunan peasant movement; Hundred Days Reform Movement; Hundred Flowers Campaign; Hundred Schools of Philosophy; Hydraulic system; I; Ibn Battuta (1304–1368/69); Ili, Treaty of; Immortality; Imperial Academy; Imperial household department ( Neiwufu ); Imperial Maritime Customs; Indonesia, Chinese community in; Infanticide; Inner Asian frontiers; Inner Mongolia; Iron rice bowl; Islam in China; Islands of Immortality; J; Jade; January Storm; Japan; Japanese scholarship on China; Jardine Matheson and Co.; Jesuits; Jews, Chinese; Jia Baoyu; Jia Yi (201–168 BC); Jiang Qing (1913–1991); Jiangnan Arsenal; Jiangxi Soviet; Jiaqing Emperor (1760–1820 r. 1796–1820); Jin Aizong (1198–1234 r. 1224–34); Jin dynasty 1115–1234; Jin Feidi (reigned 1209–13); Jin Hailingwang (1122–1161 r. 1149–61); Jin Ping Mei; Jin Shizong (1123–1190 r. 1161–90); Jin state; Jin Taizong (1075–1135 r. 1123–35); Jin Taizu (1068–1123 r. 1115–23); Jin Xizong (1119–1149 r. 1135–1149); Jin Xuanzong (1163–1224 r. 1213–1224); Jin Zhangzong (r. 1190–1209); Jingdezhen; Jingdi Emperor (188 BC–141 BC r. 157–141); Jinggangshan; Jinmen (Quemoy); Jurchen; K; Kaifeng; Kalgan; Kang Youwei (1858–1927); Kang Sheng (1898–1975); Kangxi (1654–1722, r.1662–1722); Karakhitai; Karakorum; Karlgren, Bernhard (1889–1978); Karmapa Buddhist Order; Kazakhs; Key economic areas; Khanbaligh; Khitan; Khubilai Khan (1215–94 r. 1260–94); Kiakhta, Treaty of; Kingship; Koguryo; Korean War 1950–1953; Kowloon; Kowtow; Koxinga (1624–1662); Kyrgyz; L; Lama Buddhism; Land Reform; Land tax; Land tenure; Landscape painting; Lao She 1899–1966; Later Han 947–51; Later Jin 936–47; Later Liang 907–23; Later Shu 934–65; Later Tang 923–34; Later Zhou 951–960; Latin American Chinese communities; Lattimore, Owen 1900–1989; Law and the legal system; League of Left Wing Writers; Lee Teng-hui (1923–); Left Guomindang; Legalism; Legge, James (1815–1897); Lei Feng (1939–1962); Leigudun; Lelang; Lhasa; Li (ritual); Li Ao (772–841); Li Bai (701–762); Li Dazhao (1888–1927); Li Hongzhang (1823–1901); Li Ji; Li Keqiang (1955–); Li Lisan (1899–1867); Li Qingzhao 1084–1155; Li Shizhen (1518–1593); Li Si (280–208 BC); Li Yu (1611–1680); Li Zhi (1527–1602); Li Zicheng (1605–1645); Liang Qichao (1873–1929); Liang; Liao; Liao Daozong (r. 1055–1101); Liao Jingzong (r. 969–982); Liao Muzong (r. 951–969); Liao Shengzong (972–1031 r. 982–1031); Liao Shizong (919–951 r. 947–951); Liao Taizong (902–947 r. 926–947); Liao Taizu (872–926 r. 907–926); Liao Tianzuo (1075–1128 r. 1101–1125); Liao Xingzong (1016–1055 r. 1031–1055); Liaodong peninsula; Liaozhai zhiyi; Liberated Areas; Liberation, War of; Libraries; Liezi; Lin Biao (1907–71); Lin Daiyu; Lin Zezu (1785–1850); Lingdi (156–189); Literacy; Literati; Literature; Liu Bang (247–195 BC); Liu Bei (161–223); Liu Shaoqi (1898–1869); Liu Sheng (?–113 BC); Liu Song (420–479); Long March; Longmen caves; Lotus Sutra; Lu Ban (507–440 BC); Lü Buwei (291–235 BC); Lü, Empress (d.180 BC); Lu Xiangshan (1139–1192); Lu Xun (1881–1936); Lunyu; Luo Ruiqing (1906–1978); Luoyang; Lushan Conference; Lytton Commission; M; Macao; Macartney, Lord (1737–1806); Maitreya; Malaysia, Chinese community; Manchuria; Manchus; Mandarin; Mandate of Heaven; Manichaeism; Mao Dun (1896–1981); Mao Zedong (1893–1976); Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937; Marriage; Marshall Mission 1945; Mass line; Mawangdui; May Fourth Movement; May 7th Cadre Schools; May 16th Group; May 30th incident; Mei Lanfang (1894–1961); Mei Wending (1633–1721); Mencius (c371 BC–c289 BC); Merchants; Mi Fu (1051–1107); Miao ethnic group; Middle Kingdom; Migration; Military colonies; Military; Min 907–46; Ming 1368–1644; Ming Anzong (1607–1646 r. 1644–1645); Ming Daizong (1428–1457 r. 1450–1456); Ming Guangzong (1582–1620 r. 1620–1621); Ming Huizong (1377–? r. 1399–1402); Ming Loyalists; Ming Muzong (1537–1572 r. 1567–1572); Ming Shaozong (1602–1646 r. 1645–1646); Ming Shenzong (1563–1620 r. 1573–1620); Ming Shizong (1507–1567 r. 1522–1566); Ming Sizong (1611–1644 r. 1628–1644); Ming syncretism; Ming Taizong (1360–1424 r. 1403–1424); Ming Taizu (1328–1398 r. 1368–1398); Ming tombs; Ming Wuzong (1491–1521 r. 1506–1521); Ming Xiaozong (1470–1505 r. 1488–1505); Ming Xizong (1605–1627 r. 1621–1627); Ming Xuanzong (1399–1435 r. 1426–1435); Ming Yingzong (1427–1464 r. 1436–1449); Ming-Qing transition; Mining; Minorities, ethnic/national; Missionaries; Möngke (1209–1259 r. 1251–1259); Mongolia; Mongols; Morrison, Robert (1782–1834); Moscow Conference; Mountains, sacred; Mozi (470–391 BC); Mu, King (973–923/918 BC r. ca. 976/956–923/918 BC); Mukden; Mukden Incident, 1931; Music; Muslim rebellions; Muslims; Mutual aid teams; Muye, Battle of; N; Nanchang rising; Nanchao Kingdom; Nanjing; Nanjing Arsenal; Nanjing, Rape of; Nanjing, Treaty of; Nanren; Napier mission; National minorities; National People’s Congress; National Revolutionary Army; Nationalism; Needham, Joseph (1900–1995); Neo-Confucianism; Neolithic era; Nerchinsk, Treaty of; Nestorians; New Army; New Culture Movement; New Democracy; New Fourth Army; New Life Movement; New Territories; New Text School; New world crops in China; New Youth; Newspapers; Ni Zan (1301–1371); Nian Rebellion; Nie Yuanzi (1921–); Ningxia; Nixon, President, visit to China; North China Herald; Northern and Southern dynasties; Northern Expedition; Northern Expedition, Second; Northern Wei; Numerology; Nurhachi (1559–1626); O; Observatories; Ögodei (r. 1229–1241); Old Text School; Olympic Games 2008; Opium; Opium Wars; Oracle bones; Ordos; Oriental despotism; Orthodox Church, Chinese; Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072); Overseas Chinese; P; Painting; Panchen Lama; Paper; Pearl River; Peasant associations; Peasant nationalism; Peking Man; Peng Dehuai (1898–1974); Peng Pai (1896–1929); Peng Zhen (1902–1997); People’s Liberation Army; People’s democracy; People’s Republic of China; Persian Empire; Persian language; Phagspa (1235–1280); Philosophy; Pingdi (9 BC–6 AD r. 1 BC–6 AD); Pingpong diplomacy; Poetry; Politburo; Polo, Marco (c. 1254–1324); Population; Porcelain; Port Arthur; Portuguese in China; Postal and Post Station systems; Prefects; Prehistory; Prime Minister (Premier); Printing; Production brigades; Protestant Christians; Provincial assemblies; Pure Land Buddhism; Q; Qi Baishi (1864–1957); Qi state; Qian Zhongshu (1910–1998); Qianlong (1736–95); Qin legal code; Qin Second Emperor (229 BC–6 AD r. 210 BC–207 BC); Qin Shi Huangdi (260–210 BC); Qin state; Qing 1644–1911; Qingming festival; Qiu Jin (1875–1907); Qiying 1787–1858; Qu Qiubai 1899–1935; Qu Yuan 340 BC–278 BC; Queue (pigtail); R; Railway protection movement; Rao Shushi (1903–1975); Rebellions; Rectification campaigns; Red Army; Red Eyebrows rebellion; Red Flag; Red Spear society; Red Turbans; Red and expert; Red Guards; Reform and Opening; Reform through labour; Reign periods; Religion; Ren; Renmin Ribao; Republic of China; Resist America, Aid Korea; Responsibility system; Returned Students; Revolutionary committees; Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Guomindang; Revolutionary opera; Ricci, Matteo (1552–1610); Rites Controversy; Ritual; Roman Empire; Romanisation of the Chinese language; Ruan Yuan (1764–1849); Rulin waishi; Russia and China; Russo-Japanese War 1904–5; S; Sacrifices; Sage Emperors; Salt merchants; Salt and Iron, Discourses on; Sanguo yanyi; Sanmin zhuyi; Sanxingdui site; Schall von Bell, Adam (1591–1666); Scholar-gentry; Schools; Science; Script; Second Revolution; Secret History of the Mongols; Secret societies; Selected Works of Mao Zedong; Self-criticism; Semu; Senggelinqin (1811–1865); Sera; Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove; Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region; Shamanism; Shang Yang (390–338 BC); Shang; Shangdi; Shangdu; Shanghai Coup; Shanghai; Shanhaiguan; Shanxi Merchants; Shanyuan, treaty of; Shao Yong (1011–1077); Shaodi; Shaohao; Shaolin Monastery; Shen Congwen (1902–1988); Shennong; Shen Zhou (1427–1509); Shi Dakai 1831–1863; Shigatse; Shi ji; Shimonoseki, Treaty of 1895; Shu State; Shu-Han; Shuihu zhuan; Shundi; Shunzhi emperor (1638–61); Siku quanshu; Silk; Silk Road; Silla (57 BC–935 AD); Silver; Sima Clan; Sima Guang (1019–1086); Sima Qian (c. 145 BC–c. 86 BC); Simla Convention; Single Whip tax system; Sinicization; Sino-French War (1883–1885); Sino-Japanese war 1894–5; Sino-Japanese war 1937–45; Sinology; Sino-Soviet dispute; Sino-Soviet Treaty 1950; Six Ministries; Small Swords Society; Snow, Edgar (1905–1972); Socialism in China; Socialist Education Movement; Sogdians; Son of Heaven; Song Dibing (1271–1279 r. 1278–1279); Song Duanzong (1268–1278 r. 1276–1278); Song Duzong (1240–1274 r. 1264–1274); Song dynasty (Northern Song); Song Gaozong (1107–1187 r. 1127–1162); Song Gongzong (1271–1323 r. 1274–76); Song Guangzong (1147–1200 r. 1189–1194); Song Huizong (1082–1135 r. 1100–1126); Song Qingling (1893–1981); Song Renzong (1010–1063 r. 1022–1063); Song Shenzong (1048–1085 r. 1067–1085); Song Taizong (939–997 r. 976–997); Song Taizu (927–976 r. 960–976); Song Yingxing 1587–c. 1666; Song Yingzong (1032–1067 r. 1063–1067); Song Zhenzong (968–1022 r. 997–1022); Songtsen Gampo (c. 608–649/650); Soong Dynasty; Soong Meiling (1898–2003); South Manchuria Railway Company; Southern Han 907–71; Southern Ming; Southern Ping (907–63); Southern Song; Southern Tang, 936–976; Special Economic Zones; Spring and Autumn period; Stalin, Joseph (1878–1953); Standard histories; State Council; Stein, Aurel (1862–1943); Stilwell, Joseph (1883–1946); Storytellers; Street committees; Sufan campaign; Su Shi (1037–1101); Sui dynasty (581–618); Sui law; Sui Wendi (541–604 r. 581–604); Sui Yangdi (604–617); Suiyuan; Summer Palace; Sun Quan (182–252 r. 200–252); Sun Wu (c. 535 BC–c. 470 BC); Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925); Sunzi Bingfa; T; Taiping rebellion; Taiwan; Talas River, battle of; Tan Sitong (1865–1898); Tanaka Memorial; Tang Aidi (892–908 r. 904–907); Tang dynasty (618–906); Tang Daizong (727–779 r. 762–779); Tang Dezong (742–805 r. 779–805); Tang Gaozong (628–683 r. 649–683); Tang Gaozu (566–635 r. 618–626); Tang Jingzong (809–827 r. 824–827); Tang Muzong (895–824 r. 820–824); Tang poetry; Tang Ruizong (662–716 r. 684–690 and 710–712); Tang sancai ceramics; Tang Shaodi (695/698–714 r. 710); Tang Shunzong (761–806 r. 805); Tang Suzong (711–762 r. 756–762); Tang Taizong (598–649 r. 626–649); Tang transformation tales; Tang Wenzong (809–840 r. 827–840); Tang Wuzong (814–846 r. 840–846); Tang Xianzong (778–820 r. 805–820); Tang Xianzu (1550–1616); Tang Xizong (862–888 r. 873–888); Tang Xuanzong (685–762 r. 712–756); Tang Yizong (833–873 r. 859–873); Tang Zhaozong (867–904 r. 888–904); Tangshan earthquake; Tang-Song Transition; Tanguts; Tao Yuanming (365–427); Tao Zhu (1908–1969); Taxation; Tea; Terracotta army; Theatre, traditional; Third front policy; Thirteen classics; Thought Reform; Three Antis Campaign; Three Feudatories Revolt; Three Gorges project; Three Kingdoms (220–265); Three Sovereigns; Tian’anmen; Tianjin Massacre 1870; Tianjin, Treaty of 1858; Tibet; Toba; Tomb architecture and decoration; Tongmenghui; Tongwenguan; Tongzhi (1856–1875 r.1861–1875); Tongzhi Restoration; Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536–1598); Treaty ports; Triads; Tribute system; Tripitaka; Tuoba Wei; Twenty-One Demands; Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks; Two China Policy; Two lines; U; Uighurs (Tang to Yuan dynasties); Ulanhu (1906–88); United Fronts; Universities; Ussuri; Uyghurs; V; Vegetarianism; Verbiest, Ferdinand (1623–1688); Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; Veritable records; Vernacular novels; Versailles, Treaty of; Vietnam; W; Wade, Thomas Francis (1818–1895); Waley, Arthur (1889–1966); Wang Anshi (1021–1086); Wang Anshi Reforms; Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692); Wang Guowei (1877–1927); Wang Hongwen (1935–1992); Wang Jingwei (1883–1944); Wang Mang (c. 45 BC–23 AD r. 9–23 AD); Wang Ming (1904–76); Wang Shiwei (1906–47); Wang Tao (1828–1897); Wang Wei (699–761); Wang Yangming (1472–1529); Warlords; Warring States (475–221 BC); Washington conference 1921–2; Wedding rites; Wei Jingsheng (1950–); Wei State; Wei Yuan (1784–1856); Wei Zhongxian (1568–1627); Wei; Weihaiwei; Weisuo system; Well-field system; Wen, King; Wen Tianxiang (1236–1282); Wen Yiduo (1899–1946); Wendi (202 BC–157 BC r. 180–157 BC); Western (Former) Han; Western Jin; Western Liao 1124–1211; Western Wei 535–57; Western Zhou; White Lotus Sect; Women; Workers and Peasants’ Red Army; Work-study programme; Wu Cheng (1249–1333); Wu Han (1909–1969); Wu, King; Wu Liang Shrines; Wu Sangui (1612–1678); Wu State (222–280); Wu State (852–936); Wu Zhao (690–705); Wuchang uprising 1911; Wucheng culture; Wudi (156 BC–87 BC r.141–87 BC); Wuyue 907–78; X; Xi Jinping (1953–); Xia; Xiafang; Xianbi tribe; Xiandi (181–234 r. 189–220); Xianfeng (1831–1861 r. 1850–1861); Xiang Army; Xiang Yu (233–202 BC); Xi’an incident; Xianyang; Xinjiang; Xiaojing; Xixia kingdom; Ximuwang; Xin Qingnian; Xingzhonghui; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps; Xiongnu; Xiyouji; Xu Beihong (1895–1953); Xu Guangqi (1562–1633); Xuanzang (600–664); Xuandi (91–49 BC, r. 74–49 BC); Xuantong (1906–1967 r.1908–1912); Xue Baochai; Xunzi (c. 298–238 BC); Y; Yakub Beg (1820–1877); Yalta Conference; Yangshao culture; Yan Xishan (1883–1960); Yan Fu (1854–1921); Yan’an; Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art; Yang Guifei (719–756); Yangzhou; Yangzi River; Yanjing; Yao; Yao Wenyuan (1931–2005); Yellow River; Yellow Turbans; Yelü Clan; Yelü Chucai (1189–1243); Yi; Yijing; Yin and yang; Yongle Encyclopedia; Yongzheng (1678–1735 r.1723–1735); You, King (795 BC–771 BC r.781–771 BC); Yu; Yu Dafu 1896–1945; Yuan; Yuan; Yuan Chengzong, Temür (1265–1307 r. 1294–1307); Yuan drama; Yuan Huizong (1320–1370 r.1333–1368); Yuan Mei (1716–1798); Yuan Ningzong (1326–1332 r. 1332); Yuan Renzong (1285–1320 r.1311–1320); Yuan Shikai (1859–1916); Yuan Shizu (1215–1294 r. 1260–1294); Yuan Wenzong (1304–1332 r. 1328–1332); Yuan Wuzong (1281–1311 r.1307–1311); Yuan Yingzong (1303–1323 r. 1320–1323); Yuan Youzhu (1320–1328 r. 1328); Yuandi (75 BC–33 BC r. 49–33 BC); Yue Fei (1103–1142); Yue state; Yung Wing (1828–1912); Yungang caves; Z; Zeng Guofan (1811–1872); Zhang Binglin (1869–1936); Zhang Chunqiao (1917–2005); Zhang Daoling (34–156); Zhang Guotao (1897–1979); Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582); Zhang Qian (?–114 BC); Zhang Xianzhong (1605–1647); Zhang Xueliang (1898–2001); Zhang Zuolin (1875–1928); Zhangdi (57–88 AD r. 75–88); Zhao Ziyang (1919–2005); Zhaodi (94–74 BC r. 87–74 BC); Zheng He (1371–1433); Zhidi (138–146 AD r. 145–146); Zhili; Zhongyong; Zhou; Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073); Zhou Enlai (1898–1976); Zhou Li; Zhou Yang (1908–1989); Zhou Gong (?–1032 BC?); Zhoukoudian; Zhu De (1886–1976); Zhu Xi (1130–1200); Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism; Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–1398 r.1368–1398); Zhuan Xu (c. 2513–2436 BC); Zhuangzi (375–300 BC); Zhuge Liang (181–234); Zizhi tongjian; Zongli Yamen; Zoroastrianism; Zunyi Conference; Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885)