Edited by Mahulena Hofmann, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg and P.J. Blount, Durham University, UK

• ContentsPreface xii1 The Artemis Accords 1Brian D Wessel2 Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) 5Setsuko Aoki3 Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) 10Zhenjun Zhang4 Astronauts and human spaceflight 13Sara M Langston5 Authorization and Continuing Supervision (Article VI) 17Melissa de Zwart6 Benefits-sharing in space law 21Veronika Benešová7 Brazil: space law 24Olavo de O Bittencourt Neto8 China: space law 29Xiaodan Wu9 Commercialization as applied to outer space: a definition 33Henry R Hertzfeld10 Common Heritage of Mankind 36Thomas Cheney11 Contract Law 39Ingo Baumann12 Criminal law in space 44George Anthony Long13 Customary International Law and Space Law 48Fabio Tronchetti14 Cybersecurity 54Laetitia Cesari15 Delimitation of outer space: where air ends, and space begins 59Michael Dodge16 Direct Broadcasting Satellites and Broadcast Satellite Service 63Sylvia Ospina17 Disarmament and nonproliferation 67Almudena Azcárate Ortega18 Dispute settlement 72Maria Elena De Maestri19 Due regard 76J Lauren Napier20 Environmental engineering 78Antonia Eliason21 Environmental protection 82Gabrielle Leterre22 Ethics and space law 86Roy Balleste23 European Union: space legislation 89Leopold Mantl24 Evidence (satellite Earth observation) 94Ray Purdy25 France: Space legislation 98Philippe Clerc26 Free access principle 102Claudiu Mihai Tăiatu27 General International Law 106Steven Freeland28 Geosynchronous orbit 110Martha Mejía-Kaiser 29 Global navigation satellite systems 114 Ioana Bratu 30 Harmful interference (telecommunication) 118 Simona Spassova 31 Human rights law 121 Marjan Ajevski 32 In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) 125 Kamil Muzyka 33 India: national space law 129 Ranjana Kaul 34 Information sharing 134 Dimitra Stefoudi 35 International cooperation 137 Larry F Martinez 36 International humanitarian law in space 142 Jeremy Grunert 37 International Institute of Space Law (IISL) 146 Kai-Uwe Schrogl 38 International organizations and development of space law 149 Leslie I Tennen 39 International relations and space law 153 Saadia M Pekkanen 40 International Satellite Telecommunication Organizations 157 Elina Morozova and Yaroslav Vasyanin 41 International Space Exploration Coordination Group 163 Robin J Frank 42 International Telecommunication Union 167 Francis Lyall 43 Japan: space law 171 Yu Takeuchi 44 Jurisdiction and control 175 Stefan A Kaiser 45 Latin America: space law 178 Jairo Becerra 46 Launch services law 182 Magda Cocco, Helena Correia Mendonça and Cristina Melo Miranda 47 Launching State 186 Jean-François Mayence 48 Liability 190 Tanja Masson-Zwaan 49 Light pollution of the night sky caused by space objects 194 Rafael Moro-Aguilar 50 Luxembourg space legislation 198 Mahulena Hofmann 51 Metalaw 204 Stephen E Doyle 52 NASA 207 Steve Mirmina 53 National space legislation 211 Frans von der Dunk 54 NewSpace and the law 215 Scott Schneider 55 Nigeria: national space law 219 Olusoji Nester John 56 The non-appropriation principle 223 Antonino Salmeri 57 Ownership 226 Yun Zhao 58 Planetary protection 229 Gabrielle Leterre 59 Province of all mankind 233 Ayten Selin Doğan 60 Remote sensing 236 PJ Blount 61 Rescue and return 239 Mingyan Nie 62 Responsibility for national activities 243 George D Kyriakopoulos 63 Risk management 247 Nathan Edward Clark 64 Russia: national space law 253 Olga Volynskaya 65 Safety zones 257 Maximilian Gartner and Michael Friedl 66 Scientific investigations and exploration 261 Tejas Bharadwaj 67 Soft law 265 Irmgard Marboe 68 Sources of international space law 269 Ian Grosner 69 Space heritage 273 Michelle LD Hanlon 70 Space insurance 277 Lucien Rapp 71 Space nuclear power sources 281 Jie Long 72 Space policy 285 Sa’id Mosteshar 73 Space resources 289 Antonino Salmeri 74 Space safety 293 Christopher D Johnson 75 Space security 295 PJ Blount 76 Space situational awareness 298 Gilles Doucet 77 Space stations, installations and facilities 302 Gina Petrovici 78 Space tourism 306 Michael Chatzipanagiotis 79 Space traffic management 311 PJ Blount 80 Transparency and confidence-building measures 314 Nivedita Raju 81 UN General Assembly 318 Quentin Verspieren 82 USA: space law 322 Andrea J Harrington 83 Weaponization 326 Elena Cirkovic

‘I would like to recommend the newly published Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Space Law to all academicians, practitioners and students with interest in space law. It can serve both as a reference book and as an introduction to the field of space law. It should not be absent in any university library where law is being taught as a subject.’