Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of International Sales Law (CISG)

Edited by Franco Ferrari, Clarence D. Ashley Professor of Law and Director, Intesa Sanpaolo Center for Transnational Litigation, Arbitration, and Commercial Law, New York University School of Law, New York, USA, and Marco Torsello, Full Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Verona School of Law, Italy and Global Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, Law Abroad Program, Paris, France

• ContentsList of contributors xPreface xi1 Acceptance, definition,manners for indicatingacceptance 1Franco Ferrari2 Acceptance, effectiveness andconclusion of the contract 4Franco Ferrari3 Acceptance, time for, and lateacceptance 7Franco Ferrari4 Acceptance with modifications 10Franco Ferrari5 Accounting of benefits from thegoods by the buyer 13Tobias Lutzi6 Additional period of time forperformance, period fixed bythe buyer 15Peter Huber7 Additional period of time forperformance, period fixed bythe seller 19Sebastian Omlor8 Anticipatory breach, generalrule 22Tim Dornis9 Anticipatory breach, noticerequirement and exceptions to it 24Tim Dornis10 Applicability of the CISG inarbitration 26Franco Ferrari11 Applicability of the CISG inNon-Contracting States 2912 Arbitration agreement andapplicability of the CISG 30Marco Torsello13 Autonomous application of theCISG 3414 Avoidance of the contract,buyer’s inability to return goodsin same condition 35Tobias Lutzi15 Avoidance of the contract,buyer’s right to avoid, periodof time for declaration ofavoidance 38Marco Torsello16 Avoidance of the contract,buyer’s right to avoid,prerequisites 40Marco Torsello17 Avoidance of the contract,effects 44Tim Dornis18 Avoidance of the contract,instalment contracts, futureinstalments 46Tim Dornis19 Avoidance of the contract,instalment contracts,instalments already delivered 48Tim Dornis20 Avoidance of the contract,restitution in case ofperformance 50Tim Dornis21 Avoidance of the contract,seller’s loss of its right todeclare avoidance 53Sebastian Omlor22 Avoidance of the contract,seller’s right to avoid,prerequisites 55Sebastian Omlor23 Buyer’s obligations, obligationto preserve the goods 58Tobias Lutzi24 Buyer’s obligations, payingthe purchase price and takingdelivery of the goods 60Petra Butler25 Buyer’s obligations, payment ofprice 63Marco Torsello26 Buyer’s remedies, damages andremedies 66Peter Huber27 Buyer’s remedies, generaloverview and prerequisites 67Peter Huber28 Buyer’s remedies, partialdelivery or partial non-conformity 70Marco Torsello29 Buyer’s remedies, reduction ofprice 73Marco Torsello30 Buyer’s remedies, right tocompel specific performance 76Peter Huber31 Buyer’s remedies, right torequest substitute goods 80Peter Huber32 Buyer’s remedies, right torequire remedy by repair 84Peter Huber33 Buyer’s remedies, risk passingrules and seller’s fundamentalbreach 87Tim Dornis34 Conflict of conventions 89Franco Ferrari35 Conflict of laws application ofthe CISG 9136 Conformity of goods,contractual requirements 92Stefan Kröll37 Conformity of goods, exclusionof seller’s liability in casesof delivery of goods lackingobjective requirements 96Stefan Kröll38 Conformity of goods, objectiverequirements 99Stefan Kröll39 Conformity of goods, relevanttime at which goods have to bein conformity 104Stefan Kröll40 Damages, calculation based oncurrent price in case of lack ofsubstitute transaction 108Ben Köhler41 Damages, calculation ofdamages 111Ben Köhler42 Damages, damages in caseof avoidance and substitutetransaction 114Ben Köhler43 Damages, heads of damages 117Ben Köhler44 Damages, limitations ondamages 120Ben Köhler45 Damages, mitigation ofdamages 122Ben Köhler46 Damages, purpose, availability,and conditions 125Ben Köhler47 Date and time of delivery 128Urs Peter Gruber48 Delay and error incommunications 13149 Delivery of excess quantity 132Petra Butler50 Direct application of the CISG 134Franco Ferrari51 Early delivery of goods 137Petra Butler52 Economic hardship 139Yeşim M. Atamer53 Effectiveness of declarations 141Franco Ferrari54 Emergency sale 144Tobias Lutzi55 Examination of goods,contracts involving carriage 146Stefan Kröll and Almira Wissenberg56 Examination of goods,redirection in transit andredispatch by the buyer 148Stefan Kröll and Almira Wissenberg57 Examination of goods, scopeand extent 151Stefan Kröll and Almira Wissenberg58 Examination of goods,time period and place ofexamination 155Stefan Kröll and Almira Wissenberg59 Exception to the buyer’s loss ofright to rely on non-conformity 159Niccolò Landi60 Exclusion and derogation 162Franco Ferrari61 Excuse for failure to giveproper notice 166Niccolò Landi62 Exemption from liability,breach caused by the obligee 169Yeşim M. Atamer63 Exemption from liability,consequences 173Yeşim M. Atamer64 Exemption from liability,exemption for conduct of athird person 175Yeşim M. Atamer65 Exemption from liability,general prerequisites 178Yeşim M. Atamer66 Final provisions 182Franco Ferrari67 Form requirements andthe effect of an Article 96reservation 185Marco Torsello68 Form requirements in general 188Marco Torsello69 Formation of the contract,general observations 191Franco Ferrari70 Fundamental breach 194Franco Ferrari71 Gap-filling and generalprinciples 198Franco Ferrari72 Goods 20173 Indirect application of theCISG 202Franco Ferrari74 Interest on sums in arrears,general rule 205Franco Ferrari75 Interest on sums in arrears,interest on purchase price 209Tobias Lutzi76 International sphere ofapplication 211Franco Ferrari77 Interpretation of statements andother conduct 214Franco Ferrari78 Interpretation of the CISG 218Franco Ferrari79 Mixed contracts 22280 Modification of contract andwriting requirements 223Marco Torsello81 No period of grace in case ofremedy for breach of contract 225Peter Huber82 Notice of avoidance 226Marco Torsello83 Notice of lack of conformity,cut-off period 229Niccolò Landi84 Notice of lack of conformity,time and specificityrequirements 232Niccolò Landi85 Notice of third-party right orclaim 235Niccolò Landi86 Obligation to preserve anddeposit goods in a warehouse 238Tobias Lutzi87 Offer, effectiveness,withdrawal, revocation,rejection 239Franco Ferrari88 Offer, requirements 242Franco Ferrari89 Opting in to CISG 24590 Passing of risk, buyer’s pricerisk 246Tim Dornis91 Passing of risk, contractsinvolving carriage 250Tim Dornis92 Passing of risk, goods sold intransit 253Tim Dornis93 Passing of risk, residual rules 255Tim Dornis94 Place of business, multipleplaces of business, lack of placeof business 25795 Place of delivery 258Urs Peter Gruber96 Practices established betweenthe parties and usages 261Franco Ferrari97 Purchase price, determinationof the purchase price 264Petra Butler98 Purchase price, paymentwithout request by the buyer 267Petra Butler99 Purchase price, place ofpayment 269Petra Butler100 Purchase price, time ofpayment 271Petra Butler101 Reservations, Article 95 274102 Reservations, Articles 92–94 275Tobias Lutzi103 Right to cure, seller’s cure afterdate of performance 277Peter Huber104 Right to cure, seller’s deliveryof goods prior to date fordelivery 281Peter Huber105 Right to cure, seller’snotification of willingness tocure and effects on the buyer 284Peter Huber106 Right to suspend performance,lapse of the right to suspendperformance, and provisionof adequate assurance ofperformance 287Tim Dornis107 Right to suspend performance,prerequisites 289Tim Dornis108 Right to suspend performance,seller’s right of stoppage 292Tim Dornis109 Scope of application 294Ben Köhler110 Self-help sale 298Tobias Lutzi111 Seller’s obligations, mainobligations 301Urs Peter Gruber112 Seller’s obligations, obligationto conclude contracts necessaryfor transport of the goods 304Urs Peter Gruber113 Seller’s obligations, obligationto deliver goods free fromthird-party rights or claimsbased on intellectual propertyrights 306Marco Torsello114 Seller’s obligations, obligationto deliver goods free fromthird-party rights or claims ingeneral 309Franco Ferrari115 Seller’s obligations, obligationto give notice of consignment 312Urs Peter Gruber116 Seller’s obligations, obligationto hand over documents relatingto the goods 315Urs Peter Gruber117 Seller’s obligations, obligationto preserve the goods 318Tobias Lutzi118 Seller’s obligations, obligationto provide informationregarding insurance 321Urs Peter Gruber119 Seller’s remedies, generaloverview, and prerequisites 323Petra Butler120 Seller’s remedies, right tocompel specific performance 325Petra Butler121 Specific performance, law ofthe forum 327Marco Torsello122 Specification of the goods 331Sebastian Omlor123 Substantive sphere ofapplication, mixed contracts 333Franco Ferrari124 Substantive sphere ofapplication, sale contracts,goods 336Franco Ferrari125 Usages 339