Elements of Aerodynamics

Oscar Biblarz is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA. He has over 35 years’ experience teaching and researching aerospace propulsion and fluid mechanics. He holds memberships in the AIAA and the APS. He is coauthor of Rocket Propulsion Elements (with George Sutton) and Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics (with R. D. Zucker), both published by Wiley.

• Preface ixTo the Student xiAbout the Companion Website xiii1 Introduction and Approach 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Necessary Assumptions 21.3 Units 21.4 Equation of State and Fluid Properties 41.5 Other Concepts 10Review Questions 11Problems 13Glossary of Terms and Symbols 142 Fluid Dynamic Fundamentals 172.1 Introduction 172.2 Objectives 172.3 Control Volume Approach 182.4 Lift, Drag, and Pitching Moment 222.5 Dimensional Analysis 222.6 Small Perturbation Theory in Steady Compressible Flows 292.7 Summary 31Problems 32Check Test 333 Dynamics of Incompressible Flows 353.1 Introduction 353.2 Objectives 353.3 Elementary Flows 363.4 Circulation 393.5 Superposition of Elementary Flows 413.6 Theorems of Helmholtz and Kelvin 423.7 Real Flows 433.8 Summary 44Problems 45Check Test 454 Mass, Momentum, and Energy Principles 474.1 Introduction 474.2 Objectives 474.3 Bernoulli’s Equation 474.4 Airspeed Indicator 494.5 Kutta–Joukowski Theorem 504.6 Pressure–Energy Equation 524.7 Enrichment Topics 534.8 Summary 56Problems 57Check Test 585 Thin Airfoils in Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow 595.1 Introduction 595.2 Objectives 605.3 The Vortex Filament 605.4 Thin Airfoil Theory in Incompressible Flow 605.5 Symmetric Contribution at Angle of Attack 625.6 Camber Contribution at Zero Angle of Attack 665.7 Flapped Symmetric Airfoil at Zero Angle of Attack 685.8 Enrichment Topics 705.9 Summary 71Problems 71Check Test 736 Thin Wings of Finite Span in Incompressible Flow 756.1 Introduction 756.2 Objectives 756.3 Lifting Line Theory 766.4 Downwash Velocity and Elliptic Spanwise Lift Distribution 766.5 Experimental Verification Using Drag Polars 806.6 Non-elliptic Planforms and Twist 816.7 Effects of Lifting Line Theory on Airplane Performance 826.8 Enrichment Topics 846.9 Summary 86Problems 87Check Test 887 Viscous Boundary Layers 897.1 Introduction 897.2 Objectives 897.3 The Boundary Layer Concept 907.4 Contributions to Drag 917.5 Skin-Friction Drag on Airfoils 927.6 Approximate Viscous Boundary Layer Profiles 967.7 Enrichment Topics 997.8 Summary 100Problems 101Check Test 1028 Fundamentals of Compressible Flow 1038.1 Introduction 1038.2 Objectives 1038.3 Speed of Sound and Mach Waves 1048.4 Steady-State Isentropic Flow 1058.5 Supersonic Flows 1068.6 Critical Mach Number 1128.7 Supersonic Flat-plate Airfoils 1148.8 Enrichment Topic 1168.9 Summary 117Problems 118Check Test 1199 Thin Airfoils in Compressible Flow 1219.1 Introduction 1219.2 Objectives 1219.3 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow Around Thin Airfoils 1229.4 The Mach Number Dependence 1259.5 Supersonic Airfoils 1299.6 Aircraft Wings in Compressible Flow 1329.7 Enrichment Topic 1349.8 Summary 135Problems 136Check Test 13810 Transonic and Hypersonic Aerodynamics 13910.1 Introduction 13910.2 Objectives 13910.3 Transonic Flow 14010.4 Thick Airfoils for High Subsonic and Transonic Flight 14410.5 Hypersonic Flow 14510.6 Enrichment Topics 15010.7 Summary 152Problems 152Check Test 15311 High-Lift Airfoils in Incompressible Flow 15511.1 Introduction and Approach 15511.2 Objectives 15611.3 Nonlinear Thin Airfoil Theory 15611.4 Pitching Moment at c/4 and the Aerodynamic Center 16211.5 High-Lift Wing Mechanisms 16311.6 Finite Wings 16611.7 Enrichment Topics 16611.8 Recapitulation 170Problems 171Check Test 172Appendix A Standard Atmosphere SI Units 173Appendix B Software 175Appendix C Equations for Chapters 5 and 6 179Selected References 181Answers to Selected Problems 183Index 187