Electromagnetic Shielding

Salvatore Celozzi, PhD, is a Professor at the University of Roma "La Sapienza", Italy. He has published more than one hundred and fifty papers in refereed journals or in proceedings of international conferences, mainly in the fields of electromagnetic shielding, transmission lines, and printed circuits.Rodolfo Araneo, PhD, is a Professor at the University of Roma "La Sapienza", Italy. His fields of expertise are electromagnetic shielding, numerical methods, power systems, and renewable energies.Paolo Burghignoli, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Roma "La Sapienza", Italy. His research topics are in the areas of antennas, advanced electromagnetic materials, and electromagnetic shielding.Giampiero Lovat, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy. His research encompasses theoretical and numerical studies on electromagnetic shielding, periodic structures, electrodynamics of graphene, leakage phenomena in planar structure, and transient electromagnetics.

• About the Authors ixPreface xiii1 Electromagnetics Behind Shielding 11.1 Definitions 11.2 Notation, Symbology, and Acronyms 31.3 Macroscopic Electromagnetism and Maxwell's Equations 41.4 Constitutive Relations 61.5 Discontinuities and Singularities 111.6 Initial Conditions, Boundary Conditions, and Causality 121.7 Poynting's Theorem and Energy Considerations 131.8 Fundamental Theorems 161.9 Wave Equations, Helmholtz's Equations, Potentials, and Green's Functions 231.10 Basic Shielding Mechanisms 281.11 Source Inside or Outside the Shielding Structure and Reciprocity 292 Shielding Materials 332.1 Standard Metallic and Ferromagnetic Materials 332.2 Ferrimagnetic Materials 392.3 Ferroelectric Materials 412.4 Thin Films and Conductive Coatings 432.5 Other Materials Suitable for EM Shielding Applications 452.6 Special Materials 463 Figures of Merit for Shielding Configurations 613.1 (Local) Shielding Effectiveness 613.2 The Global Point of View 643.3 Other Proposals of Figures of Merit 653.4 Energy-Based, Content-Oriented Definition 693.5 Performance of Shielded Cables 694 Shielding Effectiveness: Plane Waves 734.1 Electromagnetic PlaneWaves: Definitions and Properties 734.2 Uniform PlaneWaves Incident on a Planar Shield 754.3 PlaneWaves Normally Incident on Cylindrical Shielding Surfaces 864.4 PlaneWaves Against Spherical Shields 934.5 Extension of the TL Analogy to Near-Field Sources 945 Shielding Effectiveness: Near-Field Sources 1095.1 Spectral-Domain Approach 1095.2 LF Magnetic Shielding of Metal Plates: Parallel Loop 1225.3 LF Magnetic Shielding of Metal Plates: Perpendicular Loop 1305.4 LF Magnetic Shielding of Metal Plates: Parallel Current Line 1346 Transient Shielding 1416.1 Performance Parameters: Definitions and Properties 1416.2 Transient Sources: PlaneWaves and Dipoles 1456.3 Numerical Solutions via Inverse-Fourier Transform 1496.4 Analytical Solutions in Canonical Configurations 1507 Numerical Methods for Shielding Analyses 1697.1 Finite-Element Method 1717.2 Method of Moments 1877.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 2087.4 Finite Integration Technique 2217.5 Transmission-Line Matrix Method 2267.6 Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Method 2307.7 Test Case for Comparing Numerical Methods 2398 Apertures in Planar Metal Screens 2578.1 Historical Background 2588.2 Statement of the Problem 2598.3 Low-Frequency Analysis: Transmission Through Small Apertures 2608.4 The Small Circular Aperture 2618.5 Small Noncircular Apertures 2698.6 Finite Number of Small Apertures 2698.7 Apertures of Arbitrary Shape: Integral-Equation Formulation 2728.8 Rules of Thumb 2759 Enclosures 2839.1 Modal Expansion of Electromagnetic Fields Inside a Metallic Enclosure 2849.2 Oscillations Inside an Ideal Source-Free Enclosure 2879.3 The Enclosure Dyadic Green Function 2889.4 Excitation of a Metallic Enclosure 2919.5 Damped Oscillations Inside Enclosures with LossyWalls and Quality Factor 2929.6 Apertures in Perfectly Conducting Enclosures 2949.7 Small Loading Effects 3019.8 The Rectangular Enclosure 3029.9 Shielding Effectiveness of a Rectangular Enclosure with an Aperture 3079.10 Case Study: Rectangular Enclosure with a Circular Aperture 3159.11 Overall Performance in the Frequency Domain 3269.12 Overall Performance in the Time Domain 32810 Cable Shielding 33910.1 Transfer Impedance in Tubular Shielded Cables and Aperture Effects 34010.2 Relationship Between Transfer Impedance and Shielding Effectiveness 34510.3 Actual Cables and Harnesses 34711 Components and Installation Guidelines 35111.1 Gaskets 35111.2 ShieldedWindows 35511.3 Electromagnetic Absorbers 35711.4 Shielded Connectors 35811.5 Air-Ventilation Systems 35811.6 Fuses, Switches, and Other Similar Components 35912 Frequency Selective Surfaces 36312.1 Analysis of Periodic Structures 36412.2 High- and Low-Pass FSSs 37612.3 Band-Pass and Band-Stop FSSs 38012.4 Recent Trends in FSSs 38312.5 Absorbing FSSs 38812.6 Modeling and Design of FSSs 39213 Shielding Design Guidelines 40913.1 Establishment of the Shielding Requirements 41013.2 Assessment of the Number and Types of Functional Discontinuities 41213.3 Assessment of Dimensional Constraints and Non-Electromagnetic Characteristics of Materials 41313.4 Estimation of Shielding Performance 413References 41414 Uncommon Ways of Shielding 41714.1 Active Shielding 41714.2 Partial Shields 42214.3 Chiral Shielding 42514.4 Metamaterial Shielding 426Appendix A Electrostatic Shielding 439A.1 Basic Laws of Electrostatics 440A.2 Electrostatic Tools: Electrostatic Potential and Green's Functions 442A.3 Electrostatic Shields 446Appendix B Magnetic Shielding 459B.1 Magnetic Shielding Mechanism 460B.2 Calculation Methods 463B.3 Boundary-Value Problems 465B.4 Ferromagnetic Shields with Hysteresis 477Appendix C Statistical Electromagnetics for Shielding Enclosures 483C.1 Statistical Analyses 486C.2 Examples 489Appendix D Standards and Measurement Methods for Shielding Applications 499D.1 MIL-STD 285 and IEEE STD-299 501D.2 NSA 65-6 and NSA 94-106 506D.3 ASTM E1851 506D.4 ASTM D4935 508D.5 MIL-STD 461G 510D.6 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 15 517D.7 ANSI/SCTE 48-3 520D.8 MIL-STD 1377 521D.9 IEC Standards 522D.10 ITU-T Recommendations 527D.11 Automotive Standards 529References 535Index 539