Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries

Laure Monconduit is CNRS Senior Researcher at the Charles Gerhardt Institute, at the University of Montpellier in France. Her current research directions include the synthesis and characterization of new electrode materials for Li-ion and post-Li systems (Na, Mg-ion).Laurence Croguennec is CNRS Senior Researcher at ICMCB in Bordeaux, France. Her research is focused on the field of electrode materials for Li and Na-ion batteries: crystal chemistry of oxides and phosphates, and the characterization of mechanisms involved in cycling.Rémi Dedryvère is Professor at the University of Pau in France, at the IPREM Institute. His research activities are focused on electrode/electrolyte interfaces in Li-ion, Na-ion and Li-sulfur batteries, with the characterization of passivation layers and aging processes.The three authors are strongly involved in the French and European networks on the electrochemical storage of energy, RS2E and ALISTORE-ERI, respectively.

• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii PREFACE ixINTRODUCTION xiCHAPTER 1. NEGATIVE ELECTRODES 11.1. Preamble 11.2. Classic materials: insertion mechanism 31.2.1. Graphitic carbon 31.2.2. Titanium oxides 71.3. Toward other materials and other mechanisms 131.3.1. Silicon 141.3.2. Other block p elements 191.4. Summary on negative electrodes 27CHAPTER 2. POSITIVE ELECTRODES 292.1. Preamble 292.2. Layered transition metal oxides as positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries: from LiCoO2 to Li1+xM1-xO2 302.2.1. The layered oxide LiCoO2: the starting point 312.2.2. From LiNiO2, initially explored as an alternative to LiCoO2, to the commercialization of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) 342.2.3. Electrode/electrolyte interfaces and aging phenomena in layered oxides 402.2.4. High-capacity Li-rich layered oxides 432.3. Alternatives to layered oxides 492.3.1. Materials with spinel structure: from LiMn2O4 to LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 502.3.2. The olivine phase LiFePO4: a small revolution 57CONCLUSION 63BIBLIOGRAPHY 65INDEX 81