Electric Currents in Geospace and Beyond

Andreas Keiling, University of California, Berkeley, USA Octav Marghitu, Institute of Space Sciences, Romania Michael Wheatland, University of Sydney, Australia

• Dedication vContributors ixPreface xiiiPart I: Introduction1 Pioneers of Electric Currents in Geospace 3Asgeir Brekke2 Current Systems in Planetary Magnetospheres: A Comparative Overview 17Krishan K. Khurana and Jiang Liu3 Electric Currents in the Solar Atmosphere 43Gregory D. Fleishman and Alexei A. Pevtsov4 Multipoint Analysis of Electric Currents in Geospace Using the Curlometer Technique 67M. W. Dunlop, S. Haaland, X‐C. Dong, H. R. Middleton, C. P. Escoubet, Y.-Y. Yang, Q.-H. Zhang, J‐K. Shi, and C. T. Russell5 Inferring Currents from the Zeeman Effect at the Solar Surface 81Graham Barnes and K. D. LekaPart II: Ring Currents6 ENA Imaging of Planetary Ring Currents 95P. C. Brandt, S. Y. Hsieh, R. DeMajistre, and D. G. Mitchell7 Terrestrial Ring Current: A Review of Cluster Results Based on the Curlometer Technique 115I. Dandouras, S. Rochel‐Grimald, C. Vallat, and M. W. Dunlop8 The Nature of Jupiter’s Magnetodisk Current System 127N. Achilleos9 The Ring Current of Saturn 139N. Sergis, E. J. Bunce, J. F. Carbary, S. W. H. Cowley, X. Jia, D. C. Hamilton, S. M. Krimigis, D. G. Mitchell, and M. K. DoughertyPart III: Current Sheets10 Review on the Characteristics of the Current Sheet in the Earth’s Magnetotail 157A. T. Y. Lui11 Recent Advances Regarding the Mars Magnetotail Current Sheet 177Michael W. Liemohn and Shaosui Xu12 Current Sheets at the Giant Planets 191Christopher S. Arridge and Carley J. Martin13 Planetary Magnetopause and Heliopause Current Sheets 207E. S. Belenkaya14 MHS Models of Current Layers in the Solar Atmosphere 219Clare E. Parnell15 Large‐Scale Current Sheets in Flares and CMEs 239Jun Lin and Lei NiPart IV: Field‐Aligned Currents16 A Review of Birkeland Current Research Using AMPERE 259John C. Coxon, Stephen E. Milan, and Brian J. Anderson17 Birkeland Currents at Mercury: Review and Comparison With Earth 279Brian J. Anderson, Catherine L. Johnson, Haje Korth, and Lydia C. Philpott18 Recent Advances in the Study of Upward Field‐aligned Currents Generated Near the Earth’s Magnetopause Boundary 303Simon Wing, Jay R. Johnson, and Marius Echim19 The Current System of Dipolarizing Flux Bundles and Their Role as Wedgelets in the Substorm Current Wedge 323Jiang Liu, V. Angelopoulos, Zhonghua Yao, Xiangning Chu, Xu‐Zhi Zhou, and A. Runov20 Cusp Current System: An Energy Source View 339M. Yamauchi and R. Slapak21 Magnetospheric and Atmospheric Controls of Giant Planet Auroral Currents 359L. C. Ray22 The Ambivalent Role of Field‐Aligned Electric Currents in the Solar Atmosphere 371Manolis K. Georgoulis23 Solar Active Region Electric Currents Before and During Eruptive Flares 391B. Schmieder and G. AulanierPart V: Ionospheric Currents24 Review of Data Analysis Techniques for Estimating Ionospheric Currents Based on MIRACLE and Satellite Observations 409H. Vanhamäki and L. Juusola25 Earth’s Ionosphere: Theory and Phenomenology of Cowling Channels 427Akimasa Yoshikawa and Ryoichi Fujii26 Ionospheric Currents at Mars and Their Electrodynamic Effects 445Matthew Fillingim27 Ionospheric Currents due to Ionosphere‐Magnetosphere Coupling at Jupiter and Saturn 459G. J. Hunt, S. W. H. Cowley, and J. D. NicholsPart VI: Other Current Systems28 The Bow Shock Current System 479Ramon E. Lopez29 Current Systems of Inert Moons 497M. Holmström and S. Fatemi30 Currents in Cometary Comae 513Martin VolwerkIndex 535