Magdalena Musiał-Karg is a Full Professor of political science. She works at the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. She also the President of the Polish Political Science Association. Her research interests focus on political systems, direct democracy, alternative voting methods and the impact of modern technologies on the electoral process (e-voting). Izabela Kapsa is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Political Science and Administration at the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Her research focusses on political and electoral systems, civic participation, public opinion, and voting behavior. She is an author of many publications on those topics.

• List of Figures and TablesAbbreviationsNotes on Editors and ContributorsElections in Times of a Pandemic: An IntroductionMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela KapsaPART 1: Elections in Extraordinary Situations Dilemmas and Challenges1 Research into Elections in Extraordinary SituationsMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela Kapsa2 Towards Resilient Electoral SystemsPiotr Walewicz3 Electoral Laws during the COVID-19 Pandemic as a Tool of Quasi-Militant Democracies: Comparative PerspectiveRoman Bäcker and Joanna Rak4 Elections in Times of a Pandemic – the Context of Political DisinformationWaldemar Wojtasik and Adam Pluszczyk5 Populism in Times of Pandemic – When Difficult Questions Find Simple Answers. An Analysis of the Phenomenon taking into account Selected ChoicesAgnieszka Kasińska-Metryka6 A Radical Criticism of the Democratic State: The Case of the Anarchist Movement in Pandemic TimesPaweł Malendowicz7 Alternative Voting Procedures and Universal Suffrage during a PandemicMarcin Rachwał8 Pandemic Elections in European Union Countries in the Assessment of OSCE Observing Missions ReportsMarcin JastrzębskiPART 2: Elections during a Pandemic European Experiences – Case Studies9 Italy: First Infected Country in Europe and Constitutional ReferendumRafał Dudała10 The 2020 Parliamentary Election in Lithuania. Between Participation and Quality of Democracy during PandemicMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Martinas Malużinas11 The First ‘pandemic’ Election in Europe. Remarks Regarding the 2020 Election to the National Assembly of the Republic of SerbiaNatasza Lubik–Reczek12 Elections and Referenda in the Principality of Liechtenstein during the Coronavirus PandemicKrzysztof Koźbiał13 Local Elections Under Lockdown: The Case of LatviaAleksandra Kuczyńska-Zonik14 Elections under Special Supervision. Czech Republic 2020–2021Elżbieta Lesiewicz15 Does COVID-19 Really Matter? The Case of Landtags and Bundestag Elections in Germany in 2021Kamil Glinka16 The 2021 Parliamentary Elections in Bulgaria – A Long Farewell to BorisovJacek Wojnicki17 Non/elections in Pandemic Conditions. Parliamentary Elections in the Russian Federation in 2021Natalia Kusa18 Local Elections during a Pandemic Time – A Case of EstoniaMaciej Górny, Oliwia Kowalik and Kamila SierzputowskaPART 3: Electoral Turbulence in Poland From Disastrous Reform and Failed Election to Safeguarding Democracy: Poland as a Unique Case Study19 Guarantees of Universal Suffrage in the Era of Elections Held during the PandemicKrzysztof Skotnicki and Joanna Kielin-Maziarz20 The Impact of the Experience from Elections during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Desirable Direction of Changes in Polish Electoral LawAgata Pyrzyńska21 The Course of the Election Process in Poland during the COVID-19 PandemicRyszard Balicki22 Postal Voting of Poles abroad – The Case of the 2020 Presidential ElectionIzabela Kapsa and Magdalena Musiał-Karg23 Was it a “Youthquake”? The Increase in Electoral and Political Participation of Polish Youth during the COVID-19 PandemicRadosław Marzęcki24 Political Communication During the 2020 Presidential Election Campaign in Poland: The role of Medical ExpertsAgnieszka Łukasik-Turecka25 Positions of the Main Political Parties in Poland on the Presidential Election during the COVID-19 PandemicPiotr Chrobak26 Polish Political Leaders’ Views on Holding the Presidential Election during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Parliamentary SpeechesJakub Klepański and Maciej HartlińskiConclusion: Elections in Extraordinary SituationsMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela KapsaIndex

Magdalena Musiał-Karg is a Full Professor of political science. She works at the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. She also the President of the Polish Political Science Association. Her research interests focus on political systems, direct democracy, alternative voting methods and the impact of modern technologies on the electoral process (e-voting). Izabela Kapsa is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Political Science and Administration at the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Her research focusses on political and electoral systems, civic participation, public opinion, and voting behavior. She is an author of many publications on those topics.

• List of Figures and TablesAbbreviationsNotes on Editors and ContributorsElections in Times of a Pandemic: An IntroductionMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela KapsaPART 1: Elections in Extraordinary Situations Dilemmas and Challenges1 Research into Elections in Extraordinary SituationsMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela Kapsa2 Towards Resilient Electoral SystemsPiotr Walewicz3 Electoral Laws during the COVID-19 Pandemic as a Tool of Quasi-Militant Democracies: Comparative PerspectiveRoman Bäcker and Joanna Rak4 Elections in Times of a Pandemic – the Context of Political DisinformationWaldemar Wojtasik and Adam Pluszczyk5 Populism in Times of Pandemic – When Difficult Questions Find Simple Answers. An Analysis of the Phenomenon taking into account Selected ChoicesAgnieszka Kasińska-Metryka6 A Radical Criticism of the Democratic State: The Case of the Anarchist Movement in Pandemic TimesPaweł Malendowicz7 Alternative Voting Procedures and Universal Suffrage during a PandemicMarcin Rachwał8 Pandemic Elections in European Union Countries in the Assessment of OSCE Observing Missions ReportsMarcin JastrzębskiPART 2: Elections during a Pandemic European Experiences – Case Studies9 Italy: First Infected Country in Europe and Constitutional ReferendumRafał Dudała10 The 2020 Parliamentary Election in Lithuania. Between Participation and Quality of Democracy during PandemicMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Martinas Malużinas11 The First ‘pandemic’ Election in Europe. Remarks Regarding the 2020 Election to the National Assembly of the Republic of SerbiaNatasza Lubik–Reczek12 Elections and Referenda in the Principality of Liechtenstein during the Coronavirus PandemicKrzysztof Koźbiał13 Local Elections Under Lockdown: The Case of LatviaAleksandra Kuczyńska-Zonik14 Elections under Special Supervision. Czech Republic 2020–2021Elżbieta Lesiewicz15 Does COVID-19 Really Matter? The Case of Landtags and Bundestag Elections in Germany in 2021Kamil Glinka16 The 2021 Parliamentary Elections in Bulgaria – A Long Farewell to BorisovJacek Wojnicki17 Non/elections in Pandemic Conditions. Parliamentary Elections in the Russian Federation in 2021Natalia Kusa18 Local Elections during a Pandemic Time – A Case of EstoniaMaciej Górny, Oliwia Kowalik and Kamila SierzputowskaPART 3: Electoral Turbulence in Poland From Disastrous Reform and Failed Election to Safeguarding Democracy: Poland as a Unique Case Study19 Guarantees of Universal Suffrage in the Era of Elections Held during the PandemicKrzysztof Skotnicki and Joanna Kielin-Maziarz20 The Impact of the Experience from Elections during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Desirable Direction of Changes in Polish Electoral LawAgata Pyrzyńska21 The Course of the Election Process in Poland during the COVID-19 PandemicRyszard Balicki22 Postal Voting of Poles abroad – The Case of the 2020 Presidential ElectionIzabela Kapsa and Magdalena Musiał-Karg23 Was it a “Youthquake”? The Increase in Electoral and Political Participation of Polish Youth during the COVID-19 PandemicRadosław Marzęcki24 Political Communication During the 2020 Presidential Election Campaign in Poland: The role of Medical ExpertsAgnieszka Łukasik-Turecka25 Positions of the Main Political Parties in Poland on the Presidential Election during the COVID-19 PandemicPiotr Chrobak26 Polish Political Leaders’ Views on Holding the Presidential Election during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Parliamentary SpeechesJakub Klepański and Maciej HartlińskiConclusion: Elections in Extraordinary SituationsMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela KapsaIndex

Magdalena Musiał-Karg is a Full Professor of political science. She works at the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. She also the President of the Polish Political Science Association. Her research interests focus on political systems, direct democracy, alternative voting methods and the impact of modern technologies on the electoral process (e-voting). Izabela Kapsa is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Political Science and Administration at the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Her research focusses on political and electoral systems, civic participation, public opinion, and voting behavior. She is an author of many publications on those topics.

• List of Figures and TablesAbbreviationsNotes on Editors and ContributorsElections in Times of a Pandemic: An IntroductionMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela KapsaPART 1: Elections in Extraordinary Situations Dilemmas and Challenges1 Research into Elections in Extraordinary SituationsMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela Kapsa2 Towards Resilient Electoral SystemsPiotr Walewicz3 Electoral Laws during the COVID-19 Pandemic as a Tool of Quasi-Militant Democracies: Comparative PerspectiveRoman Bäcker and Joanna Rak4 Elections in Times of a Pandemic – the Context of Political DisinformationWaldemar Wojtasik and Adam Pluszczyk5 Populism in Times of Pandemic – When Difficult Questions Find Simple Answers. An Analysis of the Phenomenon taking into account Selected ChoicesAgnieszka Kasińska-Metryka6 A Radical Criticism of the Democratic State: The Case of the Anarchist Movement in Pandemic TimesPaweł Malendowicz7 Alternative Voting Procedures and Universal Suffrage during a PandemicMarcin Rachwał8 Pandemic Elections in European Union Countries in the Assessment of OSCE Observing Missions ReportsMarcin JastrzębskiPART 2: Elections during a Pandemic European Experiences – Case Studies9 Italy: First Infected Country in Europe and Constitutional ReferendumRafał Dudała10 The 2020 Parliamentary Election in Lithuania. Between Participation and Quality of Democracy during PandemicMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Martinas Malużinas11 The First ‘pandemic’ Election in Europe. Remarks Regarding the 2020 Election to the National Assembly of the Republic of SerbiaNatasza Lubik–Reczek12 Elections and Referenda in the Principality of Liechtenstein during the Coronavirus PandemicKrzysztof Koźbiał13 Local Elections Under Lockdown: The Case of LatviaAleksandra Kuczyńska-Zonik14 Elections under Special Supervision. Czech Republic 2020–2021Elżbieta Lesiewicz15 Does COVID-19 Really Matter? The Case of Landtags and Bundestag Elections in Germany in 2021Kamil Glinka16 The 2021 Parliamentary Elections in Bulgaria – A Long Farewell to BorisovJacek Wojnicki17 Non/elections in Pandemic Conditions. Parliamentary Elections in the Russian Federation in 2021Natalia Kusa18 Local Elections during a Pandemic Time – A Case of EstoniaMaciej Górny, Oliwia Kowalik and Kamila SierzputowskaPART 3: Electoral Turbulence in Poland From Disastrous Reform and Failed Election to Safeguarding Democracy: Poland as a Unique Case Study19 Guarantees of Universal Suffrage in the Era of Elections Held during the PandemicKrzysztof Skotnicki and Joanna Kielin-Maziarz20 The Impact of the Experience from Elections during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Desirable Direction of Changes in Polish Electoral LawAgata Pyrzyńska21 The Course of the Election Process in Poland during the COVID-19 PandemicRyszard Balicki22 Postal Voting of Poles abroad – The Case of the 2020 Presidential ElectionIzabela Kapsa and Magdalena Musiał-Karg23 Was it a “Youthquake”? The Increase in Electoral and Political Participation of Polish Youth during the COVID-19 PandemicRadosław Marzęcki24 Political Communication During the 2020 Presidential Election Campaign in Poland: The role of Medical ExpertsAgnieszka Łukasik-Turecka25 Positions of the Main Political Parties in Poland on the Presidential Election during the COVID-19 PandemicPiotr Chrobak26 Polish Political Leaders’ Views on Holding the Presidential Election during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Parliamentary SpeechesJakub Klepański and Maciej HartlińskiConclusion: Elections in Extraordinary SituationsMagdalena Musiał-Karg and Izabela KapsaIndex