Ecologically Based Weed Management

Nicholas E. Korres, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Agronomy and Weed Science at the Dept. of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Greece. His research is focused on weed and crop biology, weed ecology and integrated weed control and he has published extensively on these and related subjects. He is a broad member of the Weed Science Society of Greece. Ilias S. Travlos, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Agronomy & Weed Science at the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. He has been the President of the Weed Society of Greece and an elected board member of the European Weed Research Society (EWRS). Thomas K. Gitsopoulos, PhD, is a Weed Science Researcher at the Hellenic Agricultural Organization (HAO)-DEMETER, Greece, and is a current board member of HAO-DEMETER and the Weed Science Society of Greece. He has published widely on weed science and related fields.

• Preface xiiList of Contributors xivList of Reviewers xvii1 Ecologically Based Weed Management (EbWM): Enabling and Reinforcing the Approach 1Leguizamon Eduardo S., Royo-Esnal Aritz, and Torra Joel1.0 Introduction 11.1 Basis for a Sucessful Ecologically Based Weed Management Approach 21.2 Enabling and Reinforcing EbWM Principles in All Crop Production Systems 31.3 Projects / Experiments Where EwBM Principles Are Being Tested 81.4 Concluding Remarks 92 Ecologically Based Weed Management: Implications and Agroecosystem Services 13Nicholas E. Korres2.0 Introduction 132.1 Agro- and Natural Ecosystem Services 142.2 Do Weed Management Practices Negatively Affect Ecosystem Services? 152.3 Weed Management Practices that Enhance Ecological Services 182.4 Conclusions 193 Climate Change and Ecologically Based Weed Management 23Adusumilli Narayana Rao (A.N. Rao) and Nicholas E. Korres3.0 Introduction 233.1 Climate Change and Weeds 243.2 Climate Change and Weed Management 293.3 Ecologically Based Weed Management 303.4 Managing Weed Soil Seedbank Using Preventive Measures 303.5 Application of Principles of Conservation Agriculture for EWM 313.6 Crop Competitiveness 343.7 Soil Solarization 353.8 Mechanical Weed Management 353.9 Biocontrol 353.10 Herbicide Use and EWM 363.11 Conclusions 364 The Ecological Base of Nonchemical Weed Control 49Iraj Nosratti and Bhagirath S. Chauhan4.0 Introduction 494.1 Physical Weed Control 504.2 Soil Tillage 524.3 Thermal Weed Control 584.4 Mulching 584.5 Biological Weed Control 594.6 Allelopathy 604.7 Cultural Weed Control 614.8 Crop Diversification for Weed Management 624.9 Conclusions 655 The Underestimated Role of Cultural Practices in Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches 75Ilias Travlos, Ioannis Gazoulis, Milena Simic, Panagiotis Kanatas, and Ioannis Gazoulis5.0 Introduction 755.1 Role of Crop Diversification in Ecologically Based Weed Management 765.2 Role of Crop Competition in Ecologically Based Weed Management 795.3 Role of Sowing Timing in Ecologically Based Weed Management 845.4 Role of Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Weed Management 855.5 Conclusions 856 The Role of Agri-Chemical Industry on Ecologically Based Weed Management 93Vasileios P. Vasileiadis, Vijay K. Varanasi, Parminder Chahal, and Nicholas E. Korres6.0 Introduction 936.1 Herbicide Resistance 936.2 Climate Change 946.3 Environmentally Sound Weed Control Approaches 946.4 Environmentally Friendly Industry Initiatives 957 Ecologically Based Weed Management to Support Pollination and Biological Pest Control 101Vaya Kati and Filitsa Karamaouna7.0 Introduction 1017.1 Weed-Insect Interactions 1027.2 Weed Management to Support Pollination and Biological Control 1047.3 Challenges for Implementation of Ecological Weed Management in Practice 1107.4 Conclusions 1118 Use of Arthropods for Ecologically Based Weed Management in Agriculture 119Michael D. Day, Arne B. R. Witt, and Rachel L. Winston8.0 Introduction 1198.1 Weed Biological Control in Agriculture 1218.2 Biological Control in Cropping Systems 1228.3 Biological Control in Grazing Lands 1248.4 Biological Control in Plantations and Agroforestry Systems 1268.5 Biological Control in Aquatic Systems 1298.6 Benefits of Biological Control 1318.7 Conclusions 1329 Ecologically Based Weed Management: Bioherbicides, Nanotechnology, Heat, and Microbially Mediated Soil Disinfestation 139Raghavan Charudattan, Susan M. Boyetchko, Erin N. Rosskopf, Kaydene T. Williams, Andrea Monroy Borrego, and Nicole F. Steinmetz9.0 Biological Control of Weeds by Using Plant Pathogens 1399.1 A Critical Assessment of the Role of Plant Pathogens in Weed Management 1409.2 Expectations for the Future of Bioherbicides 1479.3 Nonchemical Soil Disinfestation 1509.4 Use of Nanocarriers to Deliver Active Ingredients (a.i) 1579.5 Summary 16110 Mechanisms of Weed Suppression by Cover Crops, Intercrops, and Mulches 172Richard G. Smith, Natalie P. Lounsbury, and Samuel A. Palmer10.0 Introduction 17210.1 Traditional View of the Weed Seedbank 17310.2 Alternative View of the Weed Seedbank and the Fate of Weeds 17410.3 Mechanisms of Weed Suppression by Cover Crops, Intercrops, and Mulches 17510.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 18511 Soil Seedbank from an Ecological Perspective 196Lauren M. Schwartz-Lazaro and Karla L. Gage11.0 Introduction 19611.1 The Soil Seedbank 19611.2 Contributions to the Soil Seedbank 20011.3 Reducing the Soil Seedbank 20311.4 Managing the Soil Seedbank 20611.5 Seedbank Response to Best Management Practices 21211.6 Conclusions 21312 The Role and Relationship of Tillage Systems with Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches 225Thomas Gitsopoulos and Ioannis Vasilakoglou12.0 Introduction 22512.1 Tillage Systems 22612.2 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches and Tillage Systems 22712.3 Herbicide Efficacy, Herbicide Resistance, and Organic Farming 23912.4 Conclusions 23913 Ecologically Based Weed Management in Vegetable Crops 248Matthias Schumacher, Michael Spaeth, Georg Naruhn, David Reiser, Miriam Messelhäuser, Rosa Witty, Roland Gerhards, and Gerassimos Peteinatos13.0 Introduction 24813.1 Cultural Methods 25013.2 Preventive Methods 25113.4 Conclusion and Outlook 25514 Ecological Weed Management in Row Crops 261Stevan Z. Knezevic14.0 Introduction 26114.1 Integrated Weed Management (IWM) in Row Crops 26214.2 Making a Weed Control Decision 26514.3 Computer-Based Models and Decision Support Systems 26614.4 Documentation and Record Keeping 26714.5 Ecologically Based Weed Management in Row Crops– Final Thoughts 26715 Practical Vegetable and Specialty Crop Weed Management Systems 270Katie Jennings and Steve Fennimore15.0 Introduction 27015.1 What Is Ecologically Based Weed Management in Specialty Crops? 27015.2 Unique Challenges for Vegetables and Other Specialty Crops 27115.3 Compatibility of Specialty Crops with Ecologically Based Weed Management 27215.4 Chemical Methods of Weed Control in Specialty Crops 28015.5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research 28016 The Need of Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Orchard Crops 286Victor Martins Maia, Ignacio Aspiazú, Leandro Galon, Clevison Luiz Giacobbo, Germani Concenço, Alexandre Ferreira da Silva, Evander Alves Ferreira, and George Andrade Sodré16.0 Introduction 28616.1 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Fruit Crops Species Grown in Tropical and Subtropical Environments 28716.2 Tropical Fruit Crop Species 28816.3 Subtropical Fruit Crop Species 29016.4 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Temperate Fruit Crops Species Growing in Tropical and Subtropical Environments 29116.5 Conclusions 29517 Application of Ecologically Based Weed Management in Pastures 299Jonathan W. McLachlan and Brian M. Sindel17.0 Introduction 29917.1 Ecology of Pasture Systems 30017.2 Impacts of Weeds in Pastures 30317.3 Weed Management Principles for Pastures 30417.4 Application of Weed Management Principles 30617.5 Future Perspectives 30917.6 Conclusions 309Index 313