Ecohydraulics

EDITORSIAN MADDOCK, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, UKATLE HARBY, SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, NorwayPAUL KEMP, International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, University of Southampton, UKPAUL WOOD, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

• List of Contributors, xi 1 Ecohydraulics: An Introduction, 1Ian Maddock, Atle Harby, Paul Kemp and Paul Wood1.1 Introduction, 11.2 The emergence of ecohydraulics, 21.3 Scope and organisation of this book, 4References, 4Part I Methods and Approaches2 Incorporating Hydrodynamics into Ecohydraulics: The Role of Turbulence in the Swimming Performance and Habitat Selection of Stream-Dwelling Fish, 9Martin A. Wilkes, Ian Maddock, Fleur Visser and Michael C. Acreman2.1 Introduction, 92.2 Turbulence: theory, structure and measurement, 112.3 The role of turbulence in the swimming performance and habitat selection of river-dwelling fish, 202.4 Conclusions, 24Acknowledgements, 25References, 253 Hydraulic Modelling Approaches for Ecohydraulic Studies: 3D, 2D, 1D and Non-Numerical Models, 31Daniele Tonina and Klaus Jorde3.1 Introduction, 313.2 Types of hydraulic modelling, 323.3 Elements of numerical hydrodynamic modelling, 333.4 3D modelling, 493.5 2D models, 553.6 1D models, 573.7 River floodplain interaction, 593.8 Non-numerical hydraulic modelling, 603.9 Case studies, 603.10 Conclusions, 64Acknowledgements, 66References, 664 The Habitat Modelling System CASiMiR: A Multivariate Fuzzy Approach and its Applications, 75Markus Noack, Matthias Schneider and Silke Wieprecht4.1 Introduction, 754.2 Theoretical basics of the habitat simulation tool CASiMiR, 764.3 Comparison of habitat modelling using the multivariate fuzzy approach and univariate preference functions, 804.4 Simulation of spawning habitats considering morphodynamic processes, 824.5 Habitat modelling on meso- to basin-scale, 854.6 Discussion and conclusions, 87References, 895 Data-Driven Fuzzy Habitat Models: Impact of Performance Criteria and Opportunities for Ecohydraulics, 93Ans Mouton, Bernard De Baets and Peter Goethals5.1 Challenges for species distribution models, 935.2 Fuzzy modelling, 955.3 Case study, 100References, 1056 Applications of the MesoHABSIM Simulation Model, 109Piotr Parasiewicz, Joseph N. Rogers, Paolo Vezza, Javier Gort´azar, Thomas Seager, Mark Pegg, Wies©©aw Wi´sniewolski and Claudio Comoglio6.1 Introduction, 1096.2 Model summary, 109Acknowledgements, 123References, 1237 The Role of Geomorphology and Hydrology in Determining Spatial-Scale Units for Ecohydraulics, 125Elisa Zavadil and Michael Stewardson7.1 Introduction, 1257.2 Continuum and dis-continuum views of stream networks, 1267.3 Evolution of the geomorphic scale hierarchy, 1277.4 Defining scale units, 1317.5 Advancing the scale hierarchy: future research priorities, 139References, 1398 Developing Realistic Fish Passage Criteria: An Ecohydraulics Approach, 143Andrew S. Vowles, Lynda R. Eakins, Adam T. Piper, James R. Kerr and Paul Kemp8.1 Introduction, 1438.2 Developing fish passage criteria, 1448.3 Conclusions, 1518.4 Future challenges, 152References, 152Part II Species–Habitat Interactions9 Habitat Use and Selection by Brown Trout in Streams, 159Jan Heggenes and Jens Wollebæk9.1 Introduction, 1599.2 Observation methods and bias, 1609.3 Habitat, 1619.4 Abiotic and biotic factors, 1619.5 Key hydraulic factors, 1639.6 Habitat selection, 1639.7 Temporal variability: light and flows, 1669.8 Energetic and biomass models, 1689.9 The hyporheic zone, 1699.10 Spatial and temporal complexity of redd microhabitat, 1699.11 Summary and ways forward, 170References, 17010 Salmonid Habitats in Riverine Winter Conditions with Ice, 177Ari Huusko, Teppo Vehanen and Morten Stickler10.1 Introduction, 17710.2 Ice processes in running waters, 17810.3 Salmonids in winter ice conditions, 18210.4 Summary and ways forward, 186References, 18811 Stream Habitat Associations of the Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana boylii): The Importance of Habitat Heterogeneity, 193Sarah Yarnell11.1 Introduction, 19311.2 Methods for quantifying stream habitat, 19411.3 Observed relationships between R. boylii and stream habitat, 19811.4 Discussion, 204References, 20912 Testing the Relationship Between Surface Flow Types and Benthic Macroinvertebrates, 213Graham Hill, Ian Maddock and Melanie Bickerton12.1 Background, 21312.2 Ecohydraulic relationships between habitat and biota, 21312.3 Case study, 21612.4 Discussion, 22312.5 Wider implications, 22612.6 Conclusion, 227References, 22713 The Impact of Altered Flow Regime on Periphyton, 229Natas¢§a Smolar-Z¢§vanut and Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenc¢§ic¢§13.1 Introduction, 22913.2 Modified flow regimes, 23013.3 The impact of altered flow regime on periphyton, 23113.4 Case studies from Slovenia, 23613.5 Conclusions, 240References, 24014 Ecohydraulics and Aquatic Macrophytes: Assessing the Relationship in River Floodplains, 245Georg A. Janauer, Udo Schmidt-Mumm and Walter Reckendorfer14.1 Introduction, 24514.2 Macrophytes, 24614.3 Life forms of macrophytes in running waters, 24814.4 Application of ecohydraulics for management: a case study on the Danube River and its floodplain, 24914.5 Conclusion, 255Acknowledgements, 255Appendix 14.A: Abbreviations used in Figure 14.5, including full plant names and authorities, 255References, 25615 Multi-Scale Macrophyte Responses to Hydrodynamic Stress and Disturbances: Adaptive Strategies and Biodiversity Patterns, 261Sara Puijalon and Gudrun Bornette15.1 Introduction, 26115.2 Individual and patch-scale response to hydrodynamic stress and disturbances, 26215.3 Community responses to temporary peaks of flow and current velocity, 26615.4 Macrophyte abundance, biodiversity and succession, 26815.5 Conclusion, 269References, 270Part III Management Application Case Studies16 Application of Real-Time Management for Environmental Flow Regimes, 277Thomas B. Hardy and Thomas A. Shaw16.1 Introduction, 27716.2 Real-time management, 27816.3 The setting, 27816.4 The context and challenges with present water allocation strategies, 28116.5 The issues concerning the implementation of environmental flow regimes, 28216.6 Underlying science for environmental flows in the Klamath River, 28316.7 The Water Resource Integrated Modelling System for The Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 28516.8 The solution – real-time management, 28516.9 Example RTM implementation, 28716.10 RTM performance, 28716.11 Discussion, 29016.12 Conclusions, 290Acknowledgements, 291References, 29117 Hydraulic Modelling of Floodplain Vegetation in Korea: Development and Applications, 293Hyoseop Woo and Sung-Uk Choi17.1 Introduction, 29317.2 Modelling of vegetated flows, 29417.3 Floodplain vegetation modelling: From white rivers to green rivers, 30017.4 Conclusions, 306References, 30618 A Historical Perspective on Downstream Passage at Hydroelectric Plants in Swedish Rivers, 309Olle Calles, Peter Rivinoja and Larry Greenberg18.1 Introduction, 30918.2 Historical review of downstream bypass problems in Sweden, 31018.3 Rehabilitating downstream passage in Swedish Rivers today, 31218.4 Concluding remarks, 319References, 32019 Rapid Flow Fluctuations and Impacts on Fish and the Aquatic Ecosystem, 323Atle Harby and Markus Noack19.1 Introduction, 32319.2 Rapid flow fluctuations, 32519.3 Methods to study rapid flow fluctuations and their impact, 32519.4 Results, 32619.5 Mitigation, 32919.6 Discussion and future work, 331Acknowledgements, 333References, 33420 Ecohydraulic Design of Riffle-Pool Relief and Morphological Unit Geometry in Support of Regulated Gravel-Bed River Rehabilitation, 337Gregory B. Pasternack and Rocko A. Brown20.1 Introduction, 33720.2 Experimental design, 33820.3 Results, 34720.4 Discussion and conclusions, 351Acknowledgements, 353References, 35321 Ecohydraulics for River Management: Can Mesoscale Lotic Macroinvertebrate Data Inform Macroscale Ecosystem Assessment?, 357Jessica M. Orlofske, Wendy A. Monk and Donald J. Baird21.1 Introduction, 35721.2 Lotic macroinvertebrates in a management context, 35821.3 Patterns in lotic macroinvertebrate response to hydraulic variables, 35921.4 Linking ecohydraulics and lotic macroinvertebrate traits, 36521.5 Trait variation among lotic macroinvertebrates in LIFE flow groups, 36621.6 Upscaling from ecohydraulics to management, 37021.7 Conclusions, 371References, 37122 Estuarine Wetland Ecohydraulics and Migratory Shorebird Habitat Restoration, 375Jos´e F. Rodr´©¥guez and Alice Howe22.1 Introduction, 37522.2 Area E of Kooragang Island, 37722.3 Ecohydraulic and ecogeomorphic characterisation, 37822.4 Modifying vegetation distribution by hydraulic manipulation, 38222.5 Discussion, 38822.6 Conclusions and recommendations, 390References, 39223 Ecohydraulics at the Landscape Scale: Applying the Concept of Temporal Landscape Continuity in River Restoration Using Cyclic Floodplain Rejuvenation, 395Gertjan W. Geerling, Harm Duel, Anthonie D. Buijse and Antonius J.M. Smits23.1 Introduction, 39523.2 The inspiration: landscape dynamics of meandering rivers, 39723.3 The concept: temporal continuity and discontinuity of landscapes along regulated rivers, 39923.4 Application: floodplain restoration in a heavily regulated river, 40123.5 The strategy in regulated rivers: cyclic floodplain rejuvenation (CFR), 40323.6 General conclusions, 405References, 40524 Embodying Interactions Between Riparian Vegetation and Fluvial Hydraulic Processes Within a Dynamic Floodplain Model: Concepts and Applications, 407Gregory Egger, Emilio Politti, Virginia Gar´ofano-G´omez, Bernadette Blamauer, Teresa Ferreira, Rui Rivaes, Rohan Benjankar and Helmut Habersack24.1 Introduction, 40724.2 Physical habitat and its effects on floodplain vegetation, 40824.3 Succession phases and their environmental context, 41024.4 Response of floodplain vegetation to fluvial processes, 41424.5 Linking fluvial processes and vegetation: the disturbance regime approach as the backbone for the dynamic model, 41524.6 Model applications, 41724.7 Conclusion, 423Acknowledgements, 424References, 424Part IV Conclusion25 Research Needs, Challenges and the Future of Ecohydraulics Research, 431Ian Maddock, Atle Harby, Paul Kemp and Paul Wood25.1 Introduction, 43125.2 Research needs and future challenges, 432References, 435Index, 437