Earth Pressure

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Achim Hettler was until 2018 head of the chair of soil mechanics and foundation engineering at the TU Dortmund. He is a member of standards committees and functions as the chairman of DIN 4085 'Subsoil: Calculation of earth pressure' and chairman of the working group 'Excavations'. Additionally, he is the author of the books Gründung von Hochbauten (foundations of buildings) and Baugruben (excavations), 2nd and 3rd editions.Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Karl-Eugen Kurrer was editor in chief of the journals Stahlbau (1996-2018) and Steel Construction: Design and Research (2008-2018). Since 1996, Kurrer has chaired the working group on the history of technology at the VDI (Association of German Engineers) in Berlin. For more than 40 years, he has carried out research on the subject of history of civil engineering and in 2018 published the book The History of the Theory of Structures. Searching for Equilibrium, a standard work of the construction history.

• 1 Introduction 1References 22 The history of earth pressure theory 32.1 Retaining walls for fortifications 52.2 Earth pressure theory as an object of military engineering 92.2.1 In the beginning there was the inclined plane 102.2.2 From inclined plane to wedge theory 202.2.3 Charles Augustin Coulomb 232.2.4 A magazine for engineering officers 342.3 Modifications to Coulomb earth pressure theory 362.3.1 The trigonometrisation of earth pressure theory 362.3.2 The geometric way 442.4 The contribution of continuum mechanics 542.4.1 The hydrostatic earth pressure model 562.4.2 The new earth pressure theory 582.5 Earth pressure theory from 1875 to 1900 672.5.1 Coulomb or Rankine? 682.5.2 Earth pressure theory in the form of masonry arch theory 692.5.3 Earth pressure theory à la française 712.5.4 Kötter’s mathematical earth pressure theory 752.6 Experimental earth pressure research 782.6.1 The precursors of experimental earth pressure research 782.6.2 Earth pressure tests at the testing institute for the statics of structures at Berlin Technical University 812.6.3 The merry-go-round of discussions of errors 852.6.4 The emergence of soil mechanics 872.7 Earth pressure theory in the discipline-formation period of geotechnical engineering 932.7.1 Terzaghi 962.7.2 Rendulic 992.7.3 Ohde 1002.7.4 Errors and confusion 1012.7.5 A hasty reaction in print 1032.7.6 Foundations + soil mechanics = geotechnical engineering 1032.8 Earth pressure theory in the consolidation period of geotechnical engineering 1092.8.1 New subdisciplines in geotechnical engineering 1102.8.2 Determining earth pressure in practical theory of structures 1112.9 Earth pressure theory in the integration period of geotechnical engineering 1162.9.1 Computer-assisted earth pressure calculations 1182.9.2 Geotechnical continuum models 1192.9.3 The art of estimating 1242.9.4 The history of geotechnical engineering as an object of construction history 125References 1283 Methods for the determination of earth pressure 1453.1 Overview and bound methods 1453.1.1 Overview of the methods 1453.1.2 Upper and lower bounds 1463.2 Kinematic mechanism methods for active earth pressure 1473.3 Kinematic mechanism methods for passive earth pressure 1503.4 Static stress field methods 1543.4.1 Fundamentals 1543.4.2 Rankine’s solution 1553.4.3 Theory of Boussinesq/Résal/Caquot 1563.4.4 Solution by Pregl/Sokolowski 1573.4.5 Analysis of Goldscheider 1573.4.6 Approach of Patki/Mandal/Dewaikar 1583.5 Tests and measurements 1593.5.1 Fundamentals and scaling laws 1593.5.2 Evaluation of test results and application of scaling laws 1633.5.3 Example: active earth pressure under plane strain conditions from soil self-weight 1643.5.4 Example: passive earth pressure under plane strain conditions from soil self-weight 1653.5.5 Example: spatial earth resistance in front of soldier piles 1693.5.6 Example: spatial earth resistance in front of square anchor slabs 1693.5.7 Further examples 1703.6 Finite Element Method 1723.6.1 General 1723.6.2 Examples 174References 1894 Active earth pressure under plane strain conditions 1954.1 Fundamental considerations 1954.2 Soil self-weight, infinite uniformly distributed surcharges and cohesion 1974.2.1 Vertical wall, level ground, horizontal earth pressure 1984.2.2 Vertical wall, level ground, inclined earth pressure 1984.2.3 General case 1994.3 Cohesion, calculated tension and minimum earth pressure 1994.3.1 Determination of the classic earth pressure 2004.3.2 Minimum earth pressure in comparison with the resultant of earth pressure 2014.3.3 Minimum earth pressure in comparison with the earth pressure ordinate 2014.3.4 Minimum earth pressure and surcharges 2024.4 Vertical line loads and strip loads 2034.4.1 Introduction 2034.4.2 Standard slip surface from soil self-weight 2044.4.3 Analysis of any slip surface angle 2064.5 Horizontal line and strip loads 2084.6 Layered soil 2094.7 Discontinuous ground level 2104.8 Discontinuous wall surfaces 2124.9 Distribution of active earth pressure 212References 2135 At-rest earth pressure 2155.1 Soil self-weight and infinite uniformly distributed surcharges 2155.1.1 Horizontal ground 2155.1.2 Inclined ground 2175.2 Concentrated loads, line loads and strip loads 219References 2236 Passive earth pressure under plane strain conditions 2256.1 Fundamental considerations 2256.2 Soil self-weight, infinite uniformly distributed surcharges and cohesion with parallel movement 2276.2.1 Straight slip surfaces 2276.2.2 Pregl/Sokolowski 2296.2.3 Comparison 2306.3 Rotation about the top or the toe 2316.4 Distribution of passive earth pressure 232References 2337 Spatial active earth pressure 2357.1 Fundamental considerations 2357.2 Cylindrical surfaces 2377.3 Retaining wall across the slope 239References 2428 Spatial passive earth pressure 2458.1 Overview 2458.2 Passive earth pressure in front of soldier piles according to Weißenbach 2458.3 Procedure according to DIN 4085 for limited wall sections 248References 2499 Influence of groundwater on earth pressure 2519.1 Groundwater at rest 2519.2 Flowing groundwater 2519.3 Water pressure in tension crack 253References 25410 Compaction effects on earth pressure 255References 25711 L- and T-cantilever retaining walls 259References 26112 Silo pressure 263References 26413 Dynamic loading 265References 26614 Particular cases 26714.1 Repeated quasi-static loading 26714.2 Pipelines 26914.3 Lateral pressure on piles 26914.4 Creep pressure 27014.5 Swelling pressure 27014.6 Heavily fissured rock 27014.7 Active earth pressure within dams 272References 27215 Mobilisation of earth pressure 27515.1 Overview 27515.2 Limit values of displacement on reaching the active earth pressure 27515.3 Limit values of displacement on reaching the passive earth pressure 27615.4 Mobilisation functions 27615.4.1 Mobilised active earth pressure 27615.4.2 Mobilised passive earth pressure 27915.4.3 Spatial mobilised passive earth pressure 282References 28316 Application rules 28516.1 Earth pressure inclination and angle of wall friction 28516.2 Magnitude of earth pressure depending on the wall displacement 28716.3 Earth pressure redistribution 28916.4 Earth pressure as a favourable action 291References 29217 Commentary on DIN 4085:2017-08 29317.1 Overview 29317.2 Active earth pressure 29317.3 Passive earth pressure 29517.4 Earth pressure due to compaction 29517.5 Spatial earth pressure 29617.6 Advices on supplement DIN 4085:2018-12 296References 29718 Forty selected brief biographies 299References 355Appendix A Terms, symbols, indices 383A1: Terms 383A2: Symbols 384A3: Indices 385Appendix B Earth pressure tables 387References 387