Dynamics of Dissipation

The present volume contains expanded and substantially reworked records of invitedlecturesdeliveredduringthe38thKarpaczWinterSchoolofTheoretical Physics on "Dynamical Semigroups: Dissipation, Chaos, Quanta", which took placeinLadek , Zdr' oj,(Poland)intheperiod6-15February2002. Themainpurposeoftheschoolwastocreateaplatformfortheconfrontation ofviewpointsandresearchmethodologiesrepresentedbytwogroupsofexperts actually working in the very same area of theoretical physics. This situation is quite distinct in non-equilibrium statistical physics of open systems, where classicalandquantumaspectsareaddressedseparatelybymeansofverydi?erent andevenincompatibleformaltools. TheschooltopicsselectionbytheLecturersreads:dissipativedynamicsand chaoticbehaviour,modelsofenvironment-systemcouplingandmodelsofth- mostats;non-equilibriumstatisticalmechanicsandfarfromequilibriumphen- ena;quantumopensystems,decoherenceandlinkstoquantumchaos;quantum andclassicalapplicationsofMarkovsemigroupsandthevalidityofMarkovian approximations. Theorganizingprincipleforthewholeendeavourwastheissueofthedyn- ics of open systems and more speci?cally -15February2002. Themainpurposeoftheschoolwastocreateaplatformfortheconfrontation ofviewpointsandresearchmethodologiesrepresentedbytwogroupsofexperts actually working in the very same area of theoretical physics. This situation is quite distinct in non-equilibrium statistical physics of open systems, where classicalandquantumaspectsareaddressedseparatelybymeansofverydi?erent andevenincompatibleformaltools. TheschooltopicsselectionbytheLecturersreads:dissipativedynamicsand chaoticbehaviour,modelsofenvironment-systemcouplingandmodelsofth- mostats;non-equilibriumstatisticalmechanicsandfarfromequilibriumphen- ena;quantumopensystems,decoherenceandlinkstoquantumchaos;quantum andclassicalapplicationsofMarkovsemigroupsandthevalidityofMarkovian approximations. Theorganizingprincipleforthewholeendeavourwastheissueofthedyn- ics of open systems and more speci?cally - thedynamics of dissipation. Since this research area is extremely broad and varied, no single book can cover all importantdevelopments. Therefore,linkswithdynamicalchaoswerechosento representasupplementaryconstraint. Theprogrammeoftheschoolandits?naloutcomeintheformofthepresent volumehasbeenshapedwiththehelpofthescienti?ccommitteecomprising:R. Alicki,Ph. Blanchard,J. R. Dorfman,G. Gallavotti,P. Gaspard,I. Guarneri, ? F. Haake, M. Ku's, A. Lasota, B. Zegarlinski ' and K. Zyczkowski. Some of the committeememberstookchargeoflecturingtoo. Weconveyourthankstoall ofthem. Wewouldliketoexpresswordsofgratitudetomembersofthelocalorgan- ingcommittee,W. Ceg laandP. Lugiewicz, fortheirhelp. Specialthanksmust beextendedtoMrsAnnaJadczykforherhelpatvariousstagesoftheschool organizationandthecompetenteditorialassistance. Theschoolwas?nanciallysupportedbytheUniversityofWroc law,Univ- sityofZielonaG' ora,PolishMinistryofEducation,PolishAcademyofSciences, FoundationfortheKarpaczWinterSchoolofTheoreticalPhysicsandthe- nationfromtheDrWilhelmHeinrichHeraeusundElseHeraeusStiftung. Wrocla wandZielonaG' ora,Poland PiotrGarbaczewski June2002 RobertOlkiewicz TableofContents Introduction...1 ChapterI NonequilibriumDynamics SomeRecentAdvancesinClassicalStatisticalMechanics E. G. D. Cohen...7 DeterministicThermostatsandFluctuationRelations L. Rondoni...35 WhatIstheMicroscopicResponseofaSystem DrivenFarFromEquilibrium? C. Jarzynski...63 Non-equilibriumStatisticalMechanics ofClassicalandQuantumSystems D. Kusnezov,E. Lutz,K. Aoki...8 3 ChapterII DynamicsofRelaxationandChaoticBehaviour DynamicalTheoryofRelaxation inClassicalandQuantumSystems P. Gaspard...111 RelaxationandNoiseinChaoticSystems S. Fishman,S. Rahav...165 FractalStructuresinthePhaseSpace ofSimpleChaoticSystemswithTransport J. R. Dorfman...193 ChapterIII DynamicalSemigroups MarkovSemigroupsandTheirApplications R. Rudnicki,K. Pich'or,M. Tyran-Kaminska ' ...215 VIII TableofContents InvitationtoQuantumDynamicalSemigroups R. Alicki...239 Finit...