Barry Cunliffe taught archaeology in the Universities of Bristol and Southampton and was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 2008, thereafter becoming Emeritus Professor. He has excavated widely in Britain (Fishbourne, Bath, Danebury, Hengistbury Head, Brading) and in the Channel Islands, Brittany, and Spain, and has been President of the Council for British Archaeology and of the Society of Antiquaries, a Governor of the Museum of London, and a Trustee of the British Museum. He was a Commissioner of English Heritage from 2005 to 2013. His many publications include The Ancient Celts (1997, second edition 2018), Facing the Ocean (2001), The Druids: A Very Short Introduction (2010), Britain Begins (2012), By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean (2015), The Scythians (2019), and Facing the Sea of Sand (2023), all published by Oxford University Press. He received a knighthood in 2006.

• 1: In the Beginning 2: Building Networks: 5000-1000 BCE 3: The Impact of the Western Empires: 1000-30 BCE 4: The Indian Ocean: 30 BCE-CE 651 5: Meanwhile, in the East: 1000 BCE-CE 650 6: Interlude: Challenging the Endless Oceans 7: Reorientation: CE 650-960 8: Tempestuous Land, Calming Seas: CE 960-1368 9: Of Treasure Fleets and Gun Boats: CE 1370-1490 10: The World Encircled: CE 1490-1602 11: Riding the Monsoons: Retrospect and Prospect A Guide to Further Reading

Once again Barry Cunliffe brings his archaeological and historical expertise to bear on maritime spaces, the Indian Ocean and the seas off China, that have been sailed intensively for thousands of years. The story of these seas is the story of how Asia, Africa, and then Europe became connected, first through trade and migration, and then through conquest. It is also the story of cultural interactions, as religious ideas moved east and as silk and spices moved west.

Barry Cunliffe taught archaeology in the Universities of Bristol and Southampton and was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 2008, thereafter becoming Emeritus Professor. He has excavated widely in Britain (Fishbourne, Bath, Danebury, Hengistbury Head, Brading) and in the Channel Islands, Brittany, and Spain, and has been President of the Council for British Archaeology and of the Society of Antiquaries, a Governor of the Museum of London, and a Trustee of the British Museum. He was a Commissioner of English Heritage from 2005 to 2013. His many publications include The Ancient Celts (1997, second edition 2018), Facing the Ocean (2001), The Druids: A Very Short Introduction (2010), Britain Begins (2012), By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean (2015), The Scythians (2019), and Facing the Sea of Sand (2023), all published by Oxford University Press. He received a knighthood in 2006.

• 1: In the Beginning 2: Building Networks: 5000-1000 BCE 3: The Impact of the Western Empires: 1000-30 BCE 4: The Indian Ocean: 30 BCE-CE 651 5: Meanwhile, in the East: 1000 BCE-CE 650 6: Interlude: Challenging the Endless Oceans 7: Reorientation: CE 650-960 8: Tempestuous Land, Calming Seas: CE 960-1368 9: Of Treasure Fleets and Gun Boats: CE 1370-1490 10: The World Encircled: CE 1490-1602 11: Riding the Monsoons: Retrospect and Prospect A Guide to Further Reading

Once again Barry Cunliffe brings his archaeological and historical expertise to bear on maritime spaces, the Indian Ocean and the seas off China, that have been sailed intensively for thousands of years. The story of these seas is the story of how Asia, Africa, and then Europe became connected, first through trade and migration, and then through conquest. It is also the story of cultural interactions, as religious ideas moved east and as silk and spices moved west.

Barry Cunliffe taught archaeology in the Universities of Bristol and Southampton and was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 2008, thereafter becoming Emeritus Professor. He has excavated widely in Britain (Fishbourne, Bath, Danebury, Hengistbury Head, Brading) and in the Channel Islands, Brittany, and Spain, and has been President of the Council for British Archaeology and of the Society of Antiquaries, a Governor of the Museum of London, and a Trustee of the British Museum. He was a Commissioner of English Heritage from 2005 to 2013. His many publications include The Ancient Celts (1997, second edition 2018), Facing the Ocean (2001), The Druids: A Very Short Introduction (2010), Britain Begins (2012), By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean (2015), The Scythians (2019), and Facing the Sea of Sand (2023), all published by Oxford University Press. He received a knighthood in 2006.

• 1: In the Beginning 2: Building Networks: 5000-1000 BCE 3: The Impact of the Western Empires: 1000-30 BCE 4: The Indian Ocean: 30 BCE-CE 651 5: Meanwhile, in the East: 1000 BCE-CE 650 6: Interlude: Challenging the Endless Oceans 7: Reorientation: CE 650-960 8: Tempestuous Land, Calming Seas: CE 960-1368 9: Of Treasure Fleets and Gun Boats: CE 1370-1490 10: The World Encircled: CE 1490-1602 11: Riding the Monsoons: Retrospect and Prospect A Guide to Further Reading

Once again Barry Cunliffe brings his archaeological and historical expertise to bear on maritime spaces, the Indian Ocean and the seas off China, that have been sailed intensively for thousands of years. The story of these seas is the story of how Asia, Africa, and then Europe became connected, first through trade and migration, and then through conquest. It is also the story of cultural interactions, as religious ideas moved east and as silk and spices moved west.