Transition has brought about considerable environmental degradation in the rural countryside, with rural resources such as land, forests, and water suffering at the expense of these transitions. This book takes up the challenge to examine what the impacts have been of these transformations for farmers in China and Vietnam. The authors as a whole investigate rural inequality and a range of farm decision-making processes through a predominantly economic lens. In sum, the twenty-eight authors involved—and it is positive to note that many are from China or Vietnam—through their sixteen chapters, bring to light new, in-depth case studies and analyses on agricultural diversification, production growth, urban encroachment, and the widespread use of agro-chemicals.