Charles S. Maier teaches history at Harvard University. He is Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies, Director of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, and Chairman of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies. His books include Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I and The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity.

• Preface xi Chapter One Losing Faith 3 Believers and Victims 3 Real Existing Socialism 22 Privilege, Secrecy, and Complicity 32 A Tethered Consciousness 52 Chapter Two The Economic Collapse 59 The Debt Crisis and the Contradictions of Comecon 59 The Costs of Computerization 73 Retreat from Reform: State Socialism in Retrospect 78 The Archaeology of Coal and Steel 97 Chapter Three The Autumn Upheaval 108 Prologue: A Revolution in Germany 108 Decomposition and Flight 120 Two Languages of Revolution 131 Monday Nights in Leipzig 135 Berlin: Rulers and Ruled 146 Chapter Four Protagonists of the Transition 168 New Forums and Round Tables 169 Redeeming "Civil Society" 185 Political Parties and the Elections of March 18, 1990 195 Chapter Five Unification 215 Still Masters of the Game? Soviet Policy Shifts on Germany 216 2 = 1 or 1 = 1? The Economics of Unification 227 2 + 4 = 1: The Diplomacy of Unification 244 Chapter Six Anschluss and Melancholy 285 Between Two Berlins, 1990 285 Between Socialism and Capitalism 290 Abwicklung: Academic Purge and Renewal 303 Stasi Stains: The Old Regime on Trial 311 Epilogue Wrapped Reichstag, 1995 330 Notes 339 A Note on Sources 421 Index 427

Winner of the 1998 Book Award, New England Historical Association "This monumental study is... [a] definitive work on the transition from communism."--Library Journal "A densely written scholarly analysis, the best I have read, of how and why the Communist regime in East Germany came apart and disappeared... [Maier's] account of the decrepit East German economy is not likely to be surpassed... [H]is account of the transition from socialism to democracy in Germany is vastly more informative and insightful than any of the innumerable analyses of post-Communist 'transition' now being published."--Tony Judt, New York Review of Books "[Dissolution] is history in the full sense of the word. Maier does not just piece together the events leading to the breaching of the wall and the rush to reunification. He searches constantly for the meaning of this history."--Foreign Affairs "Charles S. Maier, the distinguished Harvard historian who witnessed events as they unfolded in Berlin in 1989 and 1990, has now answered the most fascinating question concerning the process of unification: How did the dissolution of the GDR come about? ... Maier traces the dissolution of the GDR both in minute detail and with the wisdom acquired from long experience with the subject. His answer to the question of why it happened is clear: 'Communism self-destructed'... Maier tells the story of the East German revolution with his characteristic blend of well-documented historiography and shrewd analysis."--Ralf Dahrendorf, Los Angeles Times Book Review "Charles Maier has composed an elegant essay, blending semi-philosophical speculations with personal memories of the 'dissolution' of East Germany... His aim is to present the narrative of the last days of the GDR in as sweeping a framework as possible: not just of the general failure of Communism, but also as a reflection of a profound shift of late twentieth-century society, towards complexity."--Harold James, The Times Literary Supplement "Maier strikes a much-needed blow against the growing Western German consensus that East Germany died a natural death."--Marc Fisher, Washington Post "We are fortunate that a scholar of Maier's scope has disentangled the mass of fact, fear and pretense surrounding this unprecedented event, and has given thought to its implications."--Richard C. Hottelet, The New Leader "Anybody wanting to know the real story of East Germany's flawed system and its anguished fall could do no better than read the volume by Charles Maier... "--The Economist "Dissolution is the best available one-volume account of East Germany's decline and fall... Maier has written a historical synthesis of the economic crisis, popular unrest and diplomatic negotiations that disrupted and then destroyed East Germany and with staggering speed opened the way for its unification with the Federal Republic."--James J. Sheehan, The New York Times Book Review "Like someone digging crumpled pieces of paper out of the wastepaper basket and straightening them out to try and decipher their contents, Maier picks the GDR, or rather its last months, out of the rubbish bin of Communism."--Christoph Bertram, London Review of Books "Charles Maier's account of the transition from socialism to democracy in Germany is vastly more informative and insightful than any of the innumerable analyses of post-Communist 'transition' now being published."--Tony Judt, The New York Review of Books "A superb, subtly intelligent politico-historical analysis of the roles of Gorbachev's Soviet Union, East Germany, and West Germany (with the U.S. pulling the strings) in the demise of an era."--Nadine Gordimer [Nobel Prize Laureate], Financial Times "A brilliant analysis of the process which he calls 'dissolution.' Maier believes, and shows, that Communism self-destructed."--Ralf Dahrendorf, History Today

Charles S. Maier teaches history at Harvard University. He is Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies, Director of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, and Chairman of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies. His books include Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I and The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity.

• Preface xi Chapter One Losing Faith 3 Believers and Victims 3 Real Existing Socialism 22 Privilege, Secrecy, and Complicity 32 A Tethered Consciousness 52 Chapter Two The Economic Collapse 59 The Debt Crisis and the Contradictions of Comecon 59 The Costs of Computerization 73 Retreat from Reform: State Socialism in Retrospect 78 The Archaeology of Coal and Steel 97 Chapter Three The Autumn Upheaval 108 Prologue: A Revolution in Germany 108 Decomposition and Flight 120 Two Languages of Revolution 131 Monday Nights in Leipzig 135 Berlin: Rulers and Ruled 146 Chapter Four Protagonists of the Transition 168 New Forums and Round Tables 169 Redeeming "Civil Society" 185 Political Parties and the Elections of March 18, 1990 195 Chapter Five Unification 215 Still Masters of the Game? Soviet Policy Shifts on Germany 216 2 = 1 or 1 = 1? The Economics of Unification 227 2 + 4 = 1: The Diplomacy of Unification 244 Chapter Six Anschluss and Melancholy 285 Between Two Berlins, 1990 285 Between Socialism and Capitalism 290 Abwicklung: Academic Purge and Renewal 303 Stasi Stains: The Old Regime on Trial 311 Epilogue Wrapped Reichstag, 1995 330 Notes 339 A Note on Sources 421 Index 427

Winner of the 1998 Book Award, New England Historical Association "This monumental study is... [a] definitive work on the transition from communism."--Library Journal "A densely written scholarly analysis, the best I have read, of how and why the Communist regime in East Germany came apart and disappeared... [Maier's] account of the decrepit East German economy is not likely to be surpassed... [H]is account of the transition from socialism to democracy in Germany is vastly more informative and insightful than any of the innumerable analyses of post-Communist 'transition' now being published."--Tony Judt, New York Review of Books "[Dissolution] is history in the full sense of the word. Maier does not just piece together the events leading to the breaching of the wall and the rush to reunification. He searches constantly for the meaning of this history."--Foreign Affairs "Charles S. Maier, the distinguished Harvard historian who witnessed events as they unfolded in Berlin in 1989 and 1990, has now answered the most fascinating question concerning the process of unification: How did the dissolution of the GDR come about? ... Maier traces the dissolution of the GDR both in minute detail and with the wisdom acquired from long experience with the subject. His answer to the question of why it happened is clear: 'Communism self-destructed'... Maier tells the story of the East German revolution with his characteristic blend of well-documented historiography and shrewd analysis."--Ralf Dahrendorf, Los Angeles Times Book Review "Charles Maier has composed an elegant essay, blending semi-philosophical speculations with personal memories of the 'dissolution' of East Germany... His aim is to present the narrative of the last days of the GDR in as sweeping a framework as possible: not just of the general failure of Communism, but also as a reflection of a profound shift of late twentieth-century society, towards complexity."--Harold James, The Times Literary Supplement "Maier strikes a much-needed blow against the growing Western German consensus that East Germany died a natural death."--Marc Fisher, Washington Post "We are fortunate that a scholar of Maier's scope has disentangled the mass of fact, fear and pretense surrounding this unprecedented event, and has given thought to its implications."--Richard C. Hottelet, The New Leader "Anybody wanting to know the real story of East Germany's flawed system and its anguished fall could do no better than read the volume by Charles Maier... "--The Economist "Dissolution is the best available one-volume account of East Germany's decline and fall... Maier has written a historical synthesis of the economic crisis, popular unrest and diplomatic negotiations that disrupted and then destroyed East Germany and with staggering speed opened the way for its unification with the Federal Republic."--James J. Sheehan, The New York Times Book Review "Like someone digging crumpled pieces of paper out of the wastepaper basket and straightening them out to try and decipher their contents, Maier picks the GDR, or rather its last months, out of the rubbish bin of Communism."--Christoph Bertram, London Review of Books "Charles Maier's account of the transition from socialism to democracy in Germany is vastly more informative and insightful than any of the innumerable analyses of post-Communist 'transition' now being published."--Tony Judt, The New York Review of Books "A superb, subtly intelligent politico-historical analysis of the roles of Gorbachev's Soviet Union, East Germany, and West Germany (with the U.S. pulling the strings) in the demise of an era."--Nadine Gordimer [Nobel Prize Laureate], Financial Times "A brilliant analysis of the process which he calls 'dissolution.' Maier believes, and shows, that Communism self-destructed."--Ralf Dahrendorf, History Today

Charles S. Maier teaches history at Harvard University. He is Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies, Director of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, and Chairman of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies. His books include Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I and The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity.

• Preface xi Chapter One Losing Faith 3 Believers and Victims 3 Real Existing Socialism 22 Privilege, Secrecy, and Complicity 32 A Tethered Consciousness 52 Chapter Two The Economic Collapse 59 The Debt Crisis and the Contradictions of Comecon 59 The Costs of Computerization 73 Retreat from Reform: State Socialism in Retrospect 78 The Archaeology of Coal and Steel 97 Chapter Three The Autumn Upheaval 108 Prologue: A Revolution in Germany 108 Decomposition and Flight 120 Two Languages of Revolution 131 Monday Nights in Leipzig 135 Berlin: Rulers and Ruled 146 Chapter Four Protagonists of the Transition 168 New Forums and Round Tables 169 Redeeming "Civil Society" 185 Political Parties and the Elections of March 18, 1990 195 Chapter Five Unification 215 Still Masters of the Game? Soviet Policy Shifts on Germany 216 2 = 1 or 1 = 1? The Economics of Unification 227 2 + 4 = 1: The Diplomacy of Unification 244 Chapter Six Anschluss and Melancholy 285 Between Two Berlins, 1990 285 Between Socialism and Capitalism 290 Abwicklung: Academic Purge and Renewal 303 Stasi Stains: The Old Regime on Trial 311 Epilogue Wrapped Reichstag, 1995 330 Notes 339 A Note on Sources 421 Index 427

Winner of the 1998 Book Award, New England Historical Association "This monumental study is... [a] definitive work on the transition from communism."--Library Journal "A densely written scholarly analysis, the best I have read, of how and why the Communist regime in East Germany came apart and disappeared... [Maier's] account of the decrepit East German economy is not likely to be surpassed... [H]is account of the transition from socialism to democracy in Germany is vastly more informative and insightful than any of the innumerable analyses of post-Communist 'transition' now being published."--Tony Judt, New York Review of Books "[Dissolution] is history in the full sense of the word. Maier does not just piece together the events leading to the breaching of the wall and the rush to reunification. He searches constantly for the meaning of this history."--Foreign Affairs "Charles S. Maier, the distinguished Harvard historian who witnessed events as they unfolded in Berlin in 1989 and 1990, has now answered the most fascinating question concerning the process of unification: How did the dissolution of the GDR come about? ... Maier traces the dissolution of the GDR both in minute detail and with the wisdom acquired from long experience with the subject. His answer to the question of why it happened is clear: 'Communism self-destructed'... Maier tells the story of the East German revolution with his characteristic blend of well-documented historiography and shrewd analysis."--Ralf Dahrendorf, Los Angeles Times Book Review "Charles Maier has composed an elegant essay, blending semi-philosophical speculations with personal memories of the 'dissolution' of East Germany... His aim is to present the narrative of the last days of the GDR in as sweeping a framework as possible: not just of the general failure of Communism, but also as a reflection of a profound shift of late twentieth-century society, towards complexity."--Harold James, The Times Literary Supplement "Maier strikes a much-needed blow against the growing Western German consensus that East Germany died a natural death."--Marc Fisher, Washington Post "We are fortunate that a scholar of Maier's scope has disentangled the mass of fact, fear and pretense surrounding this unprecedented event, and has given thought to its implications."--Richard C. Hottelet, The New Leader "Anybody wanting to know the real story of East Germany's flawed system and its anguished fall could do no better than read the volume by Charles Maier... "--The Economist "Dissolution is the best available one-volume account of East Germany's decline and fall... Maier has written a historical synthesis of the economic crisis, popular unrest and diplomatic negotiations that disrupted and then destroyed East Germany and with staggering speed opened the way for its unification with the Federal Republic."--James J. Sheehan, The New York Times Book Review "Like someone digging crumpled pieces of paper out of the wastepaper basket and straightening them out to try and decipher their contents, Maier picks the GDR, or rather its last months, out of the rubbish bin of Communism."--Christoph Bertram, London Review of Books "Charles Maier's account of the transition from socialism to democracy in Germany is vastly more informative and insightful than any of the innumerable analyses of post-Communist 'transition' now being published."--Tony Judt, The New York Review of Books "A superb, subtly intelligent politico-historical analysis of the roles of Gorbachev's Soviet Union, East Germany, and West Germany (with the U.S. pulling the strings) in the demise of an era."--Nadine Gordimer [Nobel Prize Laureate], Financial Times "A brilliant analysis of the process which he calls 'dissolution.' Maier believes, and shows, that Communism self-destructed."--Ralf Dahrendorf, History Today