Disordered Vertebral and Rib Morphology in Pudgy Mice

Frederic Shapiro received his MD degree from the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine. He completed a residency in orthopedic surgery at the Montreal General Hospital: McGill University, Montreal, Quebec and a research fellowship in orthopedic surgery at Boston Children's Hospital.Frederic Shapiro, MD, Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.

• I. INTRODUCTION.- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS.- 1. Source, distribution, and ages of pudgy and non-affected mice. - 2. Whole mount preparations.- 3. Radiographic studies.- 4. Histologic studies.- 5. Computerized three-dimensional reconstructions.- 6. Previous studies on chick vertebral development and human congenital scoliosis.- III. RESULTS.-  1. Gross appearance.- 2. Whole mount appearances.-   3. Radiographic studies.-  4. Histology studies: vertebrae, ribs, intervertebral discs and ganglia.-   5. Computerized three-dimensional reconstructions.- 6. Chick embryo vertebral development.- 7. Radiology and histopathology of human congenital scoliosis spine.- IV. DISCUSSION.- ion.- 3. The pudgy mouse.- 4. Genetic influences on axial development; mutations identified in mouse models with vertebral deformation.- 5. Congenital scoliosis (human); its similaritywith pudgy mouse vertebral abnormalities.-  6. Pathogenesis of pudgy and human congenital scoliosis based on histopathologic studies.-V. CONCLUSIONS.- 1. Implications of pudgy vertebral abnormalities for biologic research.- 2. Implications of pudgy vertebral abnormalities for clinical patient treatment.