Dariusz (Darek) Kloza is researcher at the Research Group on Law, Science, Technology and Society (LSTS) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), where he is a founding member of the Brussels Laboratory for Data Protection & Privacy Impact Assessments (d.pia.lab). He also freelances at the Centre for Direct Democracy Studies (CDDS) at the University of Bialystok (Poland), where he is co-editor of the 'European Integration and Democracy' Series (Intersentia). His expertise concentrates on the governance of privacy and personal data, in particular on the tools for their protection. He has been involved in several collaborative research projects (co-)funded by the European Union. He earned a PhD in Law from the VUB (2019) with a thesis on the concept of impact assessment in European privacy and personal data protection law. He holds an LL.M. in Law and Technology (2010) from Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT) at Tilburg University (with distinction) and a master degree in law from the University of Bialystok (2008), including a student exchange at the University of Copenhagen (2007-08). Previously, he held in parallel a part-time research position at Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO; 2015-17) and visiting fellowships, among others, at Bond University (Australia; 2016).Elzbieta Kuzelewska is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Poland, where since October 2019 she holds a position of Vice-Dean for Science. She is a Chair of the Centre for Direct Democracy Studies (CDDS) at the Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, she holds a master's degree in law and a PhD degree and a habilitation in political science. Her research fields include constitutional law, direct democracy, European integration and contemporary political systems. She has been teaching in several European universities within the Erasmus+ programme as well as other bilateral agreements, and she has held visiting positions at Michigan State University School of Law (September 2018), among others. She is Co-Editor-in-Chief of European Integration and Democracy Series, published by Intersentia Cambridge.

• Part I. Theoretical Approaches to and the Conceptualisation of Disinformation1. Should We be Afraid of Fake News? (p. 1)2. From Misinformation to Modern Lugenpresse: The Redefinition of Fake News (p. 11)3. Information and Disinformation and the Transformation of Modern Democracy: From Media Bias through the 'Echo Chamber' and the 'Filter Bubble' to Fake News (p. 31)4. (Dis)Information, Neoliberalism and the Strength of Democracy in the Digital Age (p. 47)5. Democracy and the Pre-Conditions of Communication (p. 81)6. Post-Truth Discourses and their Limits: A Democratic Crisis? (p. 103)7. Elite Theory, Media Regulation and 'Fake News' (p. 127)Part II. Experience of Dealing with Disinformation8. True Story! Challenges to Democracy not Covered by the Media: Lessons from the (Non-)Coverage of the Greek Financial Crisis (p. 149)9. The Scourge of Fake News in Greece (p. 161)10. Digital Disinformation in a Deeply Divided Society: Reflections from Northern Ireland (p. 179)11. Disinformation and Fear Propaganda as Justification for the War on Terror During George W. Bush's Presidency (p. 201)12. Performance Analysis of Fact-Checking Organisations and Initiatives in Europe: A Critical Overview of Online Platforms Fighting Fake News (p. 217)Part III. Solutions to Deal with Disinformation and their Critique13. Disinformation and Fake News in Current Jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court: An Unsolved Problem (p. 247)14. Fake News and Freedom of Expression and Information: The Legal Framework and Policy Actions at the EU Level to Address Online Disinformation (p. 269)15. Fighting Online Disinformation: Did the EU Code of Practice Forget about Freedom of Expression? (p. 291)16. Regulating Internet Content with Technology: Analysis of Policy Initiatives Relevant to Illegal Content and Disinformation Online in the European Union (p. 309)17. The War against Fake News in the Digital Age and the Weapons in Our Intellectual Arsenal (p. 327)18. In the Name of Scientific Advancement: How to Assess What Constitutes 'Scientific Research' in the GDPR to Protect Data Subjects and Democracy (p. 341)19. Tackling Mis- and Disinformation in the Context of Scientific Uncertainty: The Ongoing Case of the COVID-19 'Infodemic' (Invited Contribution) (p. 367)

'This collection of original essays provides an expert guide to the new information ecosystem [...] It is an extraordinarily useful contribution to scholarly and professional debate about the future of information and communications. [...] By mapping and analysing how disinformation works and exploring opportunities for change, the book shines a light on the pathway back to respect for pluralism and fact-based communications upon which European and western democratic life depends.' -- Aidan White, Ethical Journalism Network, 2020.'An expert guide to the new information ecosystem. It is an extraordinarily useful contribution to scholarly and professional debate about the future of information and communications.' -- Aidan White, Ethical Journalism Network, 2020.'Disinformation and Digital Media as a Challenge for Democracy is a comprehensible and straightforward piece of work, which is definitely of interest for [...] anyone interested in better understanding how the digital media is intertwined with political power in the twenty-first century.' -- Olga Shumilo, Bialostockie Studia Prawnicze, 2020.