Digitization of Healthcare Data using Blockchain

T. Poongodi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Galgotias University, Delhi – NCR, India. She has more than 15 years of experience working in teaching and research.D. Sumathi, PhD, is an associate professor at VIT-AP University, Andhra Pradesh. She has an overall experience of 21 years out of which six years in industry, 15 years in the teaching field. Her research interests include cloud computing, network security, data mining, natural language processing, and theoretical foundations of computer science. B. Balamurugan, PhD, is a professor in the School of Computing Sciences and Engineering at Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. His contributions focus on engineering education, blockchain, and data sciences. He has published more than 30 books on various technologies and more than 150 research articles in SCI journals, conferences, and book chapters. K. S. Savita, PhD, is on the academic staff in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences (CISD), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia since 2006. She is accredited by the Malaysia Board of Technologies as Professional Technologist (Ts.) in Information and Computing Technology.

• Preface xiii1 Evolution of Blockchain Technologies and its Fundamental Characteristics 1Aradhna Saini, R. Gopal, S. Suganthi and T. Poongodi1.1 An Overview of Blockchain Technology 21.1.1 Evolution of Blockchain Technology 21.1.2 Significant Characteristics of Blockchain Technology 31.2 Blockchain Architecture and Its Components 51.3 Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Categories 81.3.1 Permissionless or Public Blockchain 91.3.2 Permissioned or Private Blockchain 111.3.3 Consortium Blockchain 131.3.4 Hybrid Blockchain 151.4 Blockchain Uses Cases in Healthcare 151.5 Research Opportunities and Challenges of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 201.6 Conclusion 21References 212 Geospatial Blockchain: Promises, Challenges, and Scenarios in Healthcare 25Janarthanan S., S. Vijayalakshmi, Savita and T. Ganesh Kumar2.1 Introduction 262.1.1 Basics of Blockchain 262.1.2 Promises and Challenges in Blockchain 272.1.3 Comparative Study 282.2 Geospatial Blockchain Analysis Based on Healthcare Industry 292.2.1 Remote Monitoring and Geospatial Healthcare System 302.3 Smart Internet of Things Devices and Systems 322.3.1 Main Challenges and Importance in Smart Convention 332.3.2 Recent Innovations in Healthcare 332.4 Implementation Strategies and Methodologies 342.4.1 Promises and Challenges in Implementation 352.5 Information Security and Privacy Protection in Geospatial Blockchain Healthcare Systems 372.5.1 Security and Privacy Protection Framework 372.5.2 Data Access Control System 372.6 Challenges in Present and Past and Future Directions 402.6.1 Present Challenges in Healthcare 402.6.2 Past Challenges in Healthcare 412.6.3 Future Challenges in Healthcare 422.7 Conclusion 45References 453 Architectural Framework of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 49Kiran Singh, Nilanjana Pradhan and Shrddha Sagar3.1 Introduction 503.2 Healthcare 513.2.1 Electronic Healthcare 523.2.2 Smart Healthcare 533.3 Blockchain Technology 543.4 Architecture of Smart Healthcare 553.5 Blockchain in Electronic Healthcare 573.6 Architecture for Blockchain 593.7 Distributed System 603.8 Security and Privacy 613.9 Applications of Healthcare Management in Blockchain 643.9.1 The Use of the Blockchain for EMR Data Storage 643.9.2 Blockchains and Data Security are Related 663.9.3 Blockchain for Personal Health Information 663.9.4 Blockchain is a Strong Technology at the Point of Treatment Genomic Analytics 673.10 Applications of IoT in Blockchain 673.11 Challenges 683.12 Conclusion 68References 694 Smart Contract and Distributed Ledger for Healthcare Informatics 73Yogesh Sharma and B. Balamurugan4.1 Introduction 744.1.1 History of Healthcare Informatics 754.2 Introduction of Blockchain Technology 764.2.1 A Blockchain Process 774.3 Types of Blockchains 784.3.1 Public Blockchain 794.3.2 Private Blockchain 794.3.3 Consortium Blockchain 804.4 Blockchain in Healthcare 804.5 Distributed Ledger Technology 824.6 Evolution of Distributed Ledger Technology 824.7 Smart Contract 834.7.1 Limitations of Smart Contract 854.7.2 Smart Contract in Healthcare Informatics 854.8 Distributed Ledger in Healthcare Informatics as Blockchain 864.9 Distributed Ledger Technology in Healthcare Payments 884.10 Conclusion 89References 905 Consensus Algorithm for Healthcare Using Blockchain 93Faizan Salim, John A., Rajesh E. and A. Suresh Kumar5.1 Introduction 945.2 Types of Blockchain 955.3 Blockchain Database 985.4 Consensus Algorithm 985.5 Healthcare System 1005.5.1 Healthcare and Blockchain 1015.5.2 Benefits of Blockchain in Healthcare 1015.6 Algorithms 1035.6.1 Smart Contract 1045.6.2 Algorithm for Fault Tolerance Using Blockchain 1045.6.3 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Algorithm 1065.6.4 Algorithm for Distributed Healthcare Using Blockchain 1085.7 Security for Healthcare System Using Blockchain 1095.7.1 Framework for Security Using Blockchain 1105.8 Issues and Challenges in Healthcare Using Blockchain 1125.9 Future Scope 1145.10 Conclusion 115References 1156 Industry 4.0 and Smart Healthcare: An Application Perspective 117R. Saminathan, S. Saravanan and P. Anbalagan6.1 Introduction 1186.2 Evolution of Industry 4.0 1196.3 Vision and Challenges of Industry 4.0 1206.4 Technologies Used in Fourth Industrial Revolution 1216.5 Blockchain in Industry 4.0 1276.6 Smart Healthcare Design Using Healthcare 4.0 Processes 1296.7 Blockchain Tele-Surgery Framework for Healthcare 4.0 1316.8 Digital Twin Technology in Healthcare Industry 1336.9 Conclusion 134References 1347 Blockchain Powered EHR in Pharmaceutical Industry 137Piyush Sexena, Prashant Singh, John A. and Rajesh E.7.1 Introduction 1387.2 Traditional Healthcare System vs Blockchain EHR 1407.3 Working of Blockchain in EHR 1417.4 System Design and Architecture of EHR 1437.5 Blockchain Methodologies for EHR 1467.6 Benefits of Using Blockchain in EHR 1497.7 Challenges Faced by Blockchain in HER 1517.8 Future Scope 1547.9 Conclusion 155References 1568 Convergence of IoT and Blockchain in Healthcare 159Swaroop S. Sonone, Kapil Parihar, Mahipal Singh Sankhla, Rajeev Kumar and Rohit Kumar Verma8.1 Introduction 1608.2 Overview of Convergence 1618.3 Healthcare 1628.4 IoTs and Blockchain Technology 1638.5 IoT Technologies for Healthcare 1638.6 Blockchain in Healthcare 1658.7 Integration for Next-Generation Healthcare 1678.8 Basic Structure of Convergence 1708.9 Challenges 1728.10 Conclusion 174References 1759 Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning for Healthcare 181S. Vijayalakshmi and Ashutosh Upadhyay9.1 Introduction to Disease Prediction 1829.1.1 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare 1829.1.2 Data Collection and Information Processing 1839.1.3 Human Living Standard and Possible Diseases 1859.1.4 Importance of Data in Disease Prediction 1859.2 Data Analytics for Disease Prediction 1869.3 Segmentation and Features of Medical Images 1869.4 Prediction Model for Healthcare 1889.5 Introduction to ML 1919.5.1 K-Nearest Neighbor, Artificial Neural Network, CNN, Decision Tree, and Random Forest 1959.6 Prediction Model Study of Different Disease 1989.7 Decision Support System 1999.8 Preventive Measures Based on Predicted Results 1999.9 Conclusions and Future Scope 200References 20010 Managing Healthcare Data Using Machine Learning and Blockchain Technology 203BKSP Kumar Raju Alluri10.1 Introduction 20310.2 Current Situation of Healthcare 20410.3 Introduction to Blockchain for Healthcare 20610.4 Introduction to ML for Healthcare 21110.4.1 Open Issues in Machine Learning for Healthcare 21310.5 Using ML and Blockchain for Healthcare Management 21410.5.1 Bucket 1: Theory Centric 21510.5.2 Bucket 2: Result Oriented 21910.5.3 Outcomes of the Study 22210.5.4 Why are Most of the Current Blockchain + Healthcare Papers Theory-Based? 22710.6 Conclusion 228References 22811 Advancement of Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology in Health Informatics 235Anubhav Singh, Mahipal Singh Sankhla, Kapil Parihar and Rajeev Kumar11.1 Introduction 23611.2 Associated Works 23811.2.1 Preliminaries 24011.3 Internet of Things 24011.4 Big Data 24111.5 Deep Learning 24111.5.1 Common Deep Learners 24211.5.1.1 Convolutional Neural Network 24211.5.1.2 Recurrent Neural Networks 24211.5.1.3 Deep Autoencoders 24311.5.1.4 Deep Boltzmann Machine 24311.6 Restricted Boltzmann Machine 24311.7 Profound Conviction Organization 24411.8 Application and Challenges of Deep Learners 24411.8.1 Predictive Healthcare 24411.8.2 Medical Decision Support 24511.8.3 Personalized Treatments 24511.8.4 Difficulties 24611.8.5 Blockchain Technology 24711.8.6 Types of Blockchain 24711.8.7 Challenges of Blockchain in Healthcare 24811.8.8 Interoperability 24811.8.9 Management, Privacy, and Anonymity of Data 24811.8.10 Quality of Service 24911.8.11 Heterogeneous Gadgets and Traffic 24911.8.12 Inertness 24911.8.13 Asset Imperatives and Energy Proficiency 24911.8.14 Storage Capacity and Scalability 25011.8.15 Security 25011.8.16 Data Mining 25011.8.17 System Model 25111.8.18 Attack Model 25111.9 Open Research Issues 25211.10 Conclusion 252References 25312 Research Challenges and Future Directions in Applying Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Domain 257Sneha Chakraverty and Sakshi Bansal12.1 Introduction 25812.2 Healthcare 25912.2.1 Stakeholders of Indian Healthcare Ecosystem 25912.2.2 Major Data Related Challenges in Indian Healthcare System 26012.3 Need of Blockchain in Healthcare Domain 26112.4 Application of Blockchain in Healthcare Domain 26212.5 Methodology 26312.5.1 Review of Literature 26412.5.2 Interviews 26412.6 Challenges 26512.6.1 How to Overcome This Problem 26712.7 Future Directions 26812.8 Conclusion 269References 269Appendix 272Appendix 12.1 272Interview Form 272Appendix 12.2: Response 1 273Interview Form 273Appendix 12.3: Response 2 276Interview Form 276Appendix 12.4: Response 3 278Interview Form 278Appendix 12.5: Response 4 280Interview Form 280Index 285