This volume is based on the results of studies carried out by a working group which was set up by NATO in 1986 to consider the future potential of satellite communications in the post-2000 era and to identify areas for significant technological thrust. It contains a substantial amount of information, most of it original, on almost every aspect of satellite communications. Starting from certain postulated trends about future SATCOM, it assesses emerging technologies and develops potential SATCOM system architectures, including space, ground and control segments, with particular emphasis on military applications which involve the most advanced and demanding techniques and technologies ranging from materials to signal and speech processing.The mean ideas treated in the book are: techniques and technologies related to signal rocessing and switching, adaptive antennas, optical and EHF links for inter-satellite communications, AI, and robotics for SATCOM; system architectural concepts utilizing GEO/inclined/Tundra orbits and clustered/tethered/proliferated LEO satellites; national systems and developments; threat (electronic warfare, physical, nuclear); electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM); propagational issues (including nuclear effects); network and transmission issues (implementation); satellite payloads, power generation in space, launch vehicles; system management; cost-performance models and analysis. This reference source is also suitable as a text for advanced courses on the subject of satellite communications.
Contributing Authors.- Preface.- Acknowledgments.- 1: INTRODUCTION.- 1.1 Objective and approach.- 1.2 Content of the book.- 2: CURRENT NATO COMMUNICATIONS PLANNING (SATCOM AND THE NATO C3 ARCHITECTURE).- 2.1 Planned evolution of the NICS.- 2.2 Implications of the C3 architecture for NATO SATCOM.- 2.3 Planned evolution of the NATO SATCOM system.- 2.4 Future requirements.- 2.5 References.- 3: COMPARISON OF NATO AND OTHER SYSTEMS.- 3.1 Objective.- 3.2 Services and system characteristics.- 3.3 Environmental factors.- 3.4 References.- 4: ISSUES AND FUTURE TRENDS IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS.- 4.1 Objective.- 4.2 Issues.- 4.3 Responses.- 4.4 Areas to be considered.- 5: THREAT TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS.- 5.1 The threat to NATO SATCOM post-2000.- 5.2 Uplink jamming.- 5.3 Downlink jamming.- 5.4 Interception.- 5.5 Nuclear threat.- 5.6 Physical attack.- 5.7 Piracy (unauthorized access).- 5.8 References.- 6: THREAT IMPLICATIONS AND COUNTER¬MEASURES.- 6.1 ECCM techniques.- 6.2 Information coding.- 6.3 Speech coding.- 6.4 Satellite hardening.- 6.5 References.- 7: ENVIRONMENT.- 7.1 Propagation factors.- 7.2 Precipitation effects.- 7.3 Frequency bands.- 7.4 Interference and noise.- 7.5 Countering propagation effects.- 7.6 References.- 8: TECHNOLOGY REVIEW.- 8.1 Device technologies for signal processing.- 8.2 Digital and SAW techniques for on-board processing.- 8.3 Spacecraft phased-array and MBA antennas.- 8.4 Solid-state spaceborne power amplifiers.- 8.5 Laser communications for intersatellite links.- 8.6 Laser communications to submerged submarines.- 8.7 Advanced materials for spacecraft.- 8.8 Superconductivity.- 8.9 Artificial intelligence and neural networks.- 8.10 Robotics and control.- 8.11 Power generation in space (*).- 8.12 Spacecraft propulsion systems.- 8.13 Spacetransportation.- 8.14 Earth station technology.- 8.15 Principles for selecting sponsored R & D projects.- 9: NATIONAL SATCOM SYSTEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 UK systems.- 9.3 Systems and developments in the USA.- 9.4 Canadian systems.- 9.5 French systems and developments.- 9.6 Systems of The Federal Republic of Germany.- 9.7 ESA systems.- 9.8 Russian systems.- 10: POSSIBLE SATCOM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES.- 10.1 Desired characteristics.- 10.2 Inclined elliptical orbits (Molniya, Tundra, and Loopus types).- 10.3 Satellite cluster systems (CloudSat and MEWS).- 10.4 Tethered satellite systems.- 10.5 LightSat and proliferated LEO systems.- 10.6 Summary evaluation.- 10.7 Candidate architectures.- 10.8 References.- 11: COST-PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS.- 11.1 System features.- 11.2 Cost-performance comparison of candidate architectures.- 11.3 Approaches to cost reduction.- 12: CONCLUDING REMARKS.