Differentiation and Dominance in Europe’s Poly-Crises

Jozef Bátora is Professor in the International Relations Department at Webster Vienna Private University in Austria, and at the Department of Political Science, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.John Erik Fossum is Professor, ARENA Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Norway.

• 1. Introduction 2. Conceptualising Differentiation and Dominance 3. Differentiating Shock 4. Eurozone Economic Management after Three Crises: Have Discretionary Measures Created too much Space for Domination? 5. Post-Covid-19 Recovery and New Types of Intra-EU Conditionality: The Case of Slovakia 6. Arbitrariness and Technocracy: The European Central Bank through Multiple Crises 7. The Status of Dominance in the EU System of Economic Governance: Drawing upon the Greek Case 8. Differentiation and the Unpicking of the EU’s Asylum System from within: Greek Perceptions and Policies before and after the 2015 Migration Crisis 9. Differentiated Integration and Unequal Personal Statuses in the EU 10. “United, we Tweet”: Belonging, Solidarity and Othering in German and Greek Twitter-Spheres 11. From Division towards Convergence? Comparing Crises Discourse on Migration in the Polish Parliament 12. The Ukraine Crisis (2014) and the EU’s Foreign Policy Apparatus: A Differentiating Shock? 13. Is the Differentiated EU Facing up to Chinese Influence? 14. The Implications of Governance Differentiation in the EU: Comparing the Sovereign Debt and the Pandemic Crises 15. No Solidarity without Norm Conformity: Democratic Backsliding Reduces Solidarity and Increases the Desire for Punishment amongst EU Citizens 16. Conclusion