Dielectrophoresis

Ronald PethigEmeritus Professor of Bioelectronics, The University of Edinburgh, UK

• Index of Worked Examples xiPreface xiiiNomenclature xvii1 Placing Dielectrophoresis into Context as a Particle Manipulator 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Characteristics of Micro-Scale Physics 21.3 Microfluidic Manipulation and Separation of Particles 31.4 Candidate Forces for Microfluidic Applications 41.5 Combining Dielectrophoresis with other Forces 251.6 Summary 261.7 References 272 How does Dielectrophoresis Differ from Electrophoresis? 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Electric Field 322.3 Electrophoresis 332.4 Induced Surface Charge and Dipole Moment 382.5 Dielectrophoresis 402.6 Summary 462.7 References 473 Electric Charges, Fields, Fluxes and Induced Polarization 493.1 Introduction 493.2 Charges and Fields 503.3 Gauss’s Law 613.4 Induced Dielectric Polarization 713.5 Capacitance 733.6 DivergenceTheorem and Charge Density Relaxation Time 743.7 Summary 753.8 References 764 Electrical Potential Energy and Electric Potential 774.1 Introduction 774.2 Electrical Potential Energy 774.3 Electrical Potential 814.4 Electrostatic Field Energy 874.5 Summary 894.6 References 915 Potential Gradient, Field and Field Gradient; Image Charges and Boundaries 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Potential Gradient and Electrical Field 935.3 Applying Laplace’s Equation 965.4 Method of Image Charges 1105.5 Electric Field Gradient 1125.6 Electrical Conditions at Dielectric Boundaries 1145.7 Summary 1165.8 References 1176 The Clausius–Mossotti Factor 1196.1 Introduction 1196.2 Development of the Clausius–Mossotti–Lorentz Relation 1216.3 Refinements of the Clausius–Mossotti–Lorentz Relation 1316.4 The Complex Clausius–Mossotti Factor 1346.5 Summary 1416.6 References 1437 Dielectric Polarization 1457.1 Introduction 1457.2 Electrical Polarization at the Atomic and Molecular Levels 1457.3 Dipole Relaxation and Energy Loss 1537.4 Interfacial Polarization 1597.5 Summary 1647.6 References 1658 Dielectric Properties ofWater, Electrolytes, Sugars, Amino Acids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids 1678.1 Introduction 1678.2 Water 1678.3 Electrolyte Solutions 1728.4 Amino Acids and Proteins in Solution 1798.5 Nucleic Acids 1948.6 Summary 2048.7 References 2069 Dielectric Properties of Cells 2139.1 Introduction 2139.2 Cells: A Basic Description 2139.3 Electrical Properties of Cells 2149.4 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Cells 2229.5 Effect of Cell Surface Charge on Maxwell–Wagner Relaxation 2339.6 Dielectric Properties of Bacteria 2369.7 Summary 2399.8 References 24110 Dielectrophoresis: Theoretical and Practical Considerations 24510.1 Introduction 24510.2 Inherent Approximations in the DEP Force Equation 24510.3 Refinements of the DEP Force Equation 24910.4 Electrodes: Fabrication, Materials and Modelling 28110.5 The Second (High-Frequency) DEP Crossover Frequency (fxo2) 29610.6 Summary 29810.7 References 30011 Dielectrophoretic Studies of Bioparticles 30911.1 Introduction 30911.2 DEP Characterization and Separation of Live and Dead Cells 30911.3 Mammalian Cells 33211.4 Bacteria 34511.5 Other Cell Types (Plant, Algae, Oocytes, Oocysts) andWorms 34711.6 Virions 35111.7 Nucleic Acids and Proteins 35611.8 Summary 36911.9 References 37012 Microfluidic Concepts of Relevance to Dielectrophoresis 38112.1 Introduction 38112.2 Gases and Liquids 38112.3 Fluids Treated as a Continuum 38412.4 Basic Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics 38512.5 Navier–Stokes Equations 39212.6 Diffusion 39412.7 Ionic (Electrical) Double Layer 39712.8 Electro-osmosis 40012.9 Summary 40312.10 References 404Appendices 405A Values of Fundamental Physical Constants 405B SIPrefixes 405C The Base Quantities in the SI System of Units 405D Derived Physical Quantities, their Defining Equation or Law and Dimensions 405E Diffusion Coefficients for Molecules and Ions inWater at 298 K 406F Diffusion Coefficients for Bio-Particles inWater at 293 K 406G Viscosity and Surface Tension Values for Liquids at 293 K 406H Activity Coefficients for Common Compounds that Dissociate into Ions in Solution 406I Electrical Mobility of Ions at 25 ◦C in Dilute Aqueous Solution 406J Buffering Systems and their pH Buffering Range 406K Composition of 1 μL of Human Blood 407L Blood Cells, Platelets and Some Pathogenic Bioparticles 407Author Index 411Subject Index 423