Silvio Pons is professor of eastern European history at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and director of the Gramsci Institute Foundation in Rome. His books include The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943-1953 and Stalin and the Inevitable War, 1936-1941. Robert Service teaches Russian history at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Comrades! A History of World Communism and A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, as well as biographies of Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky.

• Introduction vii Acknowledgments xiii List of Entries xv List of Contributors xxvii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Entries 1 Index 895

One of Library Journal's Best Reference Books, Law & Politics Category for 2010 "Highly accessible, essay-style entries on the concepts, figures, events, movements, and organizations associated with international modern and postmodern Communist politics... Each entry concludes a list of at least five further reading titles, offering researchers a springboard to subject-specific information."--Savanna Schroll Guz, Library Journal "Access to archives in the former Soviet Union and its satellites behind the iron curtain has enabled the 160 scholars who contributed articles to this compendium to present information formerly out of the reach of all but a few in those countries... No other comparable, current source covers twentieth-century communism in similar topical fashion. Recommended for academic and large public libraries."--James Rettig, Booklist "[I]ncludes some truly insightful profiles of key figures... [A] work well worth reading."--Irving Louis Horowitz, Wilson Quarterly "An ideologically and internationally diverse lot of contributors manage to keep the tone analytical and critical throughout, making this an insightful and essential reference for 20th-century studies."--George M. Eberhart, College & Research Libraries News "All the major names and events are covered, and an impressive variety of concepts or objects receive serious attention, too... [T]he high quality of the prose, the distinguished community of authors, and the imaginative variety of topics covered will make this a worthwhile reference."--Padraic Kenney, H-Net Reviews "The new English translation of this work provides readers with a valuable overview of the world communist movement, in 400-plus entries, including not only the history of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and other communist states, but also of the various communist parties in Europe, the U.S., and the rest of the world. The volume's strengths lie in its strong coverage of European communism and its willingness to discuss the theoretical and philosophical ideas of its subjects."--Choice "This indispensable reference explains what communism was, the forms it took, and the enormous role it played in world history."--Blackwells Recommends "For socialists, this base of knowledge of the historical legacy of the most important revolutionary event in the 20th century, the Russian Revolution of 1917, is indispensable."--Lawrence Rockwood, The Socialist WebZine "[A] Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism is rather different. Its entries are mostly very thorough and informative, and if one or two are written in a language that reflects the jargon of its subject, that is a small price to pay for an approach usefully empathetic to its unempathetic protagonists."--Mark Mazower, National Interest "[T]he encyclopedia as a whole is a substantial and valuable project. The individual entries are almost all of high quality. The sustained effort at treating communism as a global movement means that Russian specialists will learn a great deal about less familiar places."--David R. Stone, Russian Review "[T]he high quality of the prose, the distinguished community of authors, and the imaginative variety of topics covered will make this a worthwhile reference."--Padraic Kenney, H-Net Reviews "This is a huge and useful enterprise... Most of the leading figures of the history of communism, the communist parties, important institutions, ideological concepts, and political events are included in a well selected and concise form. This timely and important dictionary offers a broad historical and historiographical overview of twentieth century world communism. This is a significant step toward achieving the difficult task of encompassing communism as a historical phenomenon in its complexity."--IvanT. Berend, European Legacy "A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism promises to be immensely helpful to both teachers and students of world history... [A] very powerful contribution to the relationship between aesthetics, culture, and fascism."--Robert W. Strayer, Journal of World History "[A] monumental, engrossing, truly comprehensive encyclopaedia of world communism."--Vladimir Tismaneanu, International Affairs

Silvio Pons is professor of eastern European history at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and director of the Gramsci Institute Foundation in Rome. His books include The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943-1953 and Stalin and the Inevitable War, 1936-1941. Robert Service teaches Russian history at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Comrades! A History of World Communism and A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, as well as biographies of Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky.

• Introduction vii Acknowledgments xiii List of Entries xv List of Contributors xxvii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Entries 1 Index 895

One of Library Journal's Best Reference Books, Law & Politics Category for 2010 "Highly accessible, essay-style entries on the concepts, figures, events, movements, and organizations associated with international modern and postmodern Communist politics... Each entry concludes a list of at least five further reading titles, offering researchers a springboard to subject-specific information."--Savanna Schroll Guz, Library Journal "Access to archives in the former Soviet Union and its satellites behind the iron curtain has enabled the 160 scholars who contributed articles to this compendium to present information formerly out of the reach of all but a few in those countries... No other comparable, current source covers twentieth-century communism in similar topical fashion. Recommended for academic and large public libraries."--James Rettig, Booklist "[I]ncludes some truly insightful profiles of key figures... [A] work well worth reading."--Irving Louis Horowitz, Wilson Quarterly "An ideologically and internationally diverse lot of contributors manage to keep the tone analytical and critical throughout, making this an insightful and essential reference for 20th-century studies."--George M. Eberhart, College & Research Libraries News "All the major names and events are covered, and an impressive variety of concepts or objects receive serious attention, too... [T]he high quality of the prose, the distinguished community of authors, and the imaginative variety of topics covered will make this a worthwhile reference."--Padraic Kenney, H-Net Reviews "The new English translation of this work provides readers with a valuable overview of the world communist movement, in 400-plus entries, including not only the history of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and other communist states, but also of the various communist parties in Europe, the U.S., and the rest of the world. The volume's strengths lie in its strong coverage of European communism and its willingness to discuss the theoretical and philosophical ideas of its subjects."--Choice "This indispensable reference explains what communism was, the forms it took, and the enormous role it played in world history."--Blackwells Recommends "For socialists, this base of knowledge of the historical legacy of the most important revolutionary event in the 20th century, the Russian Revolution of 1917, is indispensable."--Lawrence Rockwood, The Socialist WebZine "[A] Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism is rather different. Its entries are mostly very thorough and informative, and if one or two are written in a language that reflects the jargon of its subject, that is a small price to pay for an approach usefully empathetic to its unempathetic protagonists."--Mark Mazower, National Interest "[T]he encyclopedia as a whole is a substantial and valuable project. The individual entries are almost all of high quality. The sustained effort at treating communism as a global movement means that Russian specialists will learn a great deal about less familiar places."--David R. Stone, Russian Review "[T]he high quality of the prose, the distinguished community of authors, and the imaginative variety of topics covered will make this a worthwhile reference."--Padraic Kenney, H-Net Reviews "This is a huge and useful enterprise... Most of the leading figures of the history of communism, the communist parties, important institutions, ideological concepts, and political events are included in a well selected and concise form. This timely and important dictionary offers a broad historical and historiographical overview of twentieth century world communism. This is a significant step toward achieving the difficult task of encompassing communism as a historical phenomenon in its complexity."--IvanT. Berend, European Legacy "A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism promises to be immensely helpful to both teachers and students of world history... [A] very powerful contribution to the relationship between aesthetics, culture, and fascism."--Robert W. Strayer, Journal of World History "[A] monumental, engrossing, truly comprehensive encyclopaedia of world communism."--Vladimir Tismaneanu, International Affairs

Silvio Pons is professor of eastern European history at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and director of the Gramsci Institute Foundation in Rome. His books include The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943-1953 and Stalin and the Inevitable War, 1936-1941. Robert Service teaches Russian history at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Comrades! A History of World Communism and A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, as well as biographies of Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky.

• Introduction vii Acknowledgments xiii List of Entries xv List of Contributors xxvii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Entries 1 Index 895

One of Library Journal's Best Reference Books, Law & Politics Category for 2010 "Highly accessible, essay-style entries on the concepts, figures, events, movements, and organizations associated with international modern and postmodern Communist politics... Each entry concludes a list of at least five further reading titles, offering researchers a springboard to subject-specific information."--Savanna Schroll Guz, Library Journal "Access to archives in the former Soviet Union and its satellites behind the iron curtain has enabled the 160 scholars who contributed articles to this compendium to present information formerly out of the reach of all but a few in those countries... No other comparable, current source covers twentieth-century communism in similar topical fashion. Recommended for academic and large public libraries."--James Rettig, Booklist "[I]ncludes some truly insightful profiles of key figures... [A] work well worth reading."--Irving Louis Horowitz, Wilson Quarterly "An ideologically and internationally diverse lot of contributors manage to keep the tone analytical and critical throughout, making this an insightful and essential reference for 20th-century studies."--George M. Eberhart, College & Research Libraries News "All the major names and events are covered, and an impressive variety of concepts or objects receive serious attention, too... [T]he high quality of the prose, the distinguished community of authors, and the imaginative variety of topics covered will make this a worthwhile reference."--Padraic Kenney, H-Net Reviews "The new English translation of this work provides readers with a valuable overview of the world communist movement, in 400-plus entries, including not only the history of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and other communist states, but also of the various communist parties in Europe, the U.S., and the rest of the world. The volume's strengths lie in its strong coverage of European communism and its willingness to discuss the theoretical and philosophical ideas of its subjects."--Choice "This indispensable reference explains what communism was, the forms it took, and the enormous role it played in world history."--Blackwells Recommends "For socialists, this base of knowledge of the historical legacy of the most important revolutionary event in the 20th century, the Russian Revolution of 1917, is indispensable."--Lawrence Rockwood, The Socialist WebZine "[A] Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism is rather different. Its entries are mostly very thorough and informative, and if one or two are written in a language that reflects the jargon of its subject, that is a small price to pay for an approach usefully empathetic to its unempathetic protagonists."--Mark Mazower, National Interest "[T]he encyclopedia as a whole is a substantial and valuable project. The individual entries are almost all of high quality. The sustained effort at treating communism as a global movement means that Russian specialists will learn a great deal about less familiar places."--David R. Stone, Russian Review "[T]he high quality of the prose, the distinguished community of authors, and the imaginative variety of topics covered will make this a worthwhile reference."--Padraic Kenney, H-Net Reviews "This is a huge and useful enterprise... Most of the leading figures of the history of communism, the communist parties, important institutions, ideological concepts, and political events are included in a well selected and concise form. This timely and important dictionary offers a broad historical and historiographical overview of twentieth century world communism. This is a significant step toward achieving the difficult task of encompassing communism as a historical phenomenon in its complexity."--IvanT. Berend, European Legacy "A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism promises to be immensely helpful to both teachers and students of world history... [A] very powerful contribution to the relationship between aesthetics, culture, and fascism."--Robert W. Strayer, Journal of World History "[A] monumental, engrossing, truly comprehensive encyclopaedia of world communism."--Vladimir Tismaneanu, International Affairs