Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics

Pediatric Neuroradiologist, Vice Chair, Department of Medical Imaging, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah Bernadette L. Koch is Associate Chief of Radiology at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine in Cincinnati, Ohio.

• SECTION 1: AIRWAY4 Approach to Pediatric AirwayA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPNORMAL DYNAMIC AIRWAY FINDINGS ININFANTS6 Expiratory Buckling of TracheaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP7 Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal TissuesA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPNEWBORN AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION8 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture StenosisBernadette L. Koch, MD10 Nasolacrimal Duct MucoceleBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR12 Choanal AtresiaBernadette L. Koch, MD14 Lymphatic Malformation, CervicalBernadette L. Koch, MD16 Congenital High Airway Obstruction SyndromeA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP17 Tracheal AgenesisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPINFECTIOUS CAUSES OF AIRWAYCOMPROMISE18 EpiglottitisMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc22 CroupEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP26 Exudative TracheitisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP30 Retropharyngeal Space AbscessBernadette L. Koch, MDEXTRINSIC VASCULAR COMPRESSION OFAIRWAY34 Double Aortic ArchRandy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD38 Pulmonary SlingRandy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD42 Innominate Artery Compression SyndromePrakash M. Masand, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD44 Right Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian ArteryRandy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MDMISCELLANEOUS AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS46 Infantile Hemangioma, AirwayBernadette L. Koch, MD48 TracheobronchomalaciaRandy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MDSECTION 2: CHEST52 Approach to Pediatric ChestRandy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MDNORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIANTS56 Normal ThymusArthur B. Meyers, MD60 Palpable Normal Variants of Chest WallA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPCONGENITAL LUNG LESIONS62 Congenital Pulmonary Airway MalformationHank Baskin, MD66 Bronchopulmonary SequestrationA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP70 Bronchogenic CystEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP74 Congenital Lobar OverinflationHank Baskin, MD78 Bronchial AtresiaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP and Randy R.Richardson, MDNEONATAL CHEST ISSUES80 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal FistulaSteven J. Kraus, MD84 Congenital Diaphragmatic HerniaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP88 Surfactant Deficiency DiseaseHank Baskin, MD92 Neonatal PneumoniaMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc94 Meconium Aspiration SyndromeEmily S. Orscheln, MD96 Transient Tachypnea of NewbornHank Baskin, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD98 Pulmonary Interstitial EmphysemaEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP102 Neonatal PneumothoraxMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc104 ChylothoraxRandy R. Richardson, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP106 Bronchopulmonary DysplasiaEmily S. Orscheln, MD110 Umbilical Catheter Positions and ComplicationsEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP112 Esophageal IntubationMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc113 ECMO CathetersMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc114 PICCsMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHScCHEST INFECTIONS116 Viral Chest InfectionMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc120 COVID-19/MIS-CMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc124 Round PneumoniaMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc128 Parapneumonic Effusion and EmpyemaMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc130 Pneumonia With Cavitary NecrosisMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc134 Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised ChildrenAlexander J. Towbin, MD136 PapillomatosisAlexander J. Towbin, MDMEDIASTINAL MASSES140 LymphomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD144 Germ Cell TumorsAlexander J. Towbin, MD148 Neuroblastoma, ThoracicAlexander J. Towbin, MDPULMONARY MASSES152 Pleuropulmonary BlastomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD156 Pulmonary Arteriovenous MalformationHank Baskin, MDTRAUMA158 Child Abuse, Rib FracturesMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc162 Lung Contusion and LacerationMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc166 Aortic InjuryHank Baskin, MD170 PneumomediastinumMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHScPEDIATRIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES174 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of InfancyMantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD176 Pulmonary Interstitial GlycogenosisRandy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD178 Alveolar Growth AbnormalityMantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD180 Surfactant Dysfunction DisordersMantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD182 Swyer-JamesHank Baskin, MD184 LymphangioleiomyomatosisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP186 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, PulmonaryRandy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MDMISCELLANEOUS188 AsthmaHank Baskin, MD192 Bronchial ObstructionHank Baskin, MD196 Cystic Fibrosis, PulmonaryRandy R. Richardson, MD200 Chronic Esophageal Foreign BodyRandy R. Richardson, MD202 Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest SyndromeAlexander J. Towbin, MD206 Pectus ExcavatumMantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD208 Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair AppearanceRandy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD209 Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest WallArthur B. Meyers, MD210 Chest Wall HamartomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP211 Kaposiform LymphangiomatosisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP212 EVALIMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHScSECTION 3: CARDIAC216 Approach to Pediatric HeartRandy R. Richardson, MDCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE220 Atrial Septal DefectRandy R. Richardson, MD224 Ventricular Septal DefectRandy R. Richardson, MD228 Atrioventricular Septal DefectRandy R. Richardson, MD232 Patent Ductus ArteriosusRandy R. Richardson, MD236 Tetralogy of FallotRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD240 Pulmonary AtresiaRandy R. Richardson, MD244 Ebstein AnomalyRandy R. Richardson, MD248 D-Transposition of Great ArteriesRandy R. Richardson, MDArtery Anomalous OriginRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD270 Double Outlet Right VentricleRandy R. Richardson, MD272 Aortic CoarctationRandy R. Richardson, MD276 Aortic StenosisRandy R. Richardson, MD280 Pulmonary Artery StenosisRandy R. Richardson, MD284 Scimitar SyndromeRandy R. Richardson, MDSURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CONGENITALHEART DISEASE286 Glenn ShuntRandy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD288 Fontan OperationRandy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD290 Arterial Switch ProcedureRandy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD292 Norwood ProcedureRandy R. Richardson, MD294 Blalock-Taussig ShuntRandy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD296 Amplatzer Occluder DeviceRandy R. Richardson, MD298 Sano ShuntRandy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MDCARDIOMYOPATHIES300 MyocarditisRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD302 Left Ventricular NoncompactionRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD304 Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD306 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-RelatedCardiomyopathyRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD308 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular DysplasiaLeila Rezai Gharai, MD, John D. Grizzard, MD, and RandyR. Richardson, MDMISCELLANEOUS312 Heterotaxia SyndromesRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD316 RhabdomyomaRandy R. Richardson, MD, Ryan A. Moore, MD, and PaulaJ. Woodward, MD320 Kawasaki DiseaseRandy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD324 Rheumatic Heart DiseaseRandy R. Richardson, MD326 Marfan SyndromeRandy R. Richardson, MD328 Loeys-Dietz SyndromeRandy R. Richardson, MDSECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL332 Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal TractAlexander J. Towbin, MDNORMAL PEDIATRIC VARIANTS336 Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal JunctionPositionSteven J. Kraus, MD340 Normal Variations of Cecal PositionSteven J. Kraus, MD342 Age-Related Appearance of SpleenEthan A. Smith, MDNEONATAL UPPER INTESTINALOBSTRUCTIONS344 MalrotationSteven J. Kraus, MD348 Midgut VolvulusSteven J. Kraus, MD352 Duodenal Atresia or StenosisSteven J. Kraus, MD356 Duodenal WebSteven J. Kraus, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP357 Pyloric AtresiaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPNEONATAL LOWER INTESTINALOBSTRUCTIONS358 Jejunoileal AtresiaSteven J. Kraus, MD362 Colonic AtresiaSteven J. Kraus, MD363 Multiple Intestinal AtresiasA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP364 Meconium IleusSteven J. Kraus, MD368 Neonatal Small Left ColonA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP370 Hirschsprung DiseaseSteven J. Kraus, MD374 Anorectal MalformationsSteven J. Kraus, MDRefluxSteven J. Kraus, MD390 Hypertrophic Pyloric StenosisSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP394 Gastric VolvulusMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc396 Ingested CoinsMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc398 Ingested Button BatteriesMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc400 Ingested Multiple MagnetsMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHScABNORMALITIES OF ABDOMINAL WALL402 HerniasAlexander J. Towbin, MD406 OmphaloceleA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP410 GastroschisisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP414 Cloacal Exstrophy/OEISA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP415 Limb-Body Wall ComplexA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPOTHER ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITHBOWEL OBSTRUCTION416 AppendicitisEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP420 Ileocolic IntussusceptionSteven J. Kraus, MD424 Meckel DiverticulumSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP428 Colonic VolvulusSteven J. Kraus, MD430 Internal HerniaEthan A. Smith, MD431 Segmental VolvulusEthan A. Smith, MDLIVER ABNORMALITIES432 HepatoblastomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD436 Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and CongenitalA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP440 Focal Nodular HyperplasiaEthan A. Smith, MD442 Hepatic AdenomaEthan A. Smith, MD444 Hepatocellular CarcinomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD445 Undifferentiated Embryonal SarcomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD446 Mesenchymal HamartomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP447 Biliary RhabdomyosarcomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD448 Biliary AtresiaSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP452 Choledochal CystSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP456 Caroli DiseaseAlexander J. Towbin, MD458 Fibrosis/CirrhosisAlexander J. Towbin, MD460 Steatosis/SteatohepatitisAlexander J. Towbin, MD462 Hepatic Venoocclusive DiseaseEthan A. Smith, MD464 Abernethy MalformationAlexander J. Towbin, MD466 Liver Transplant ComplicationsSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP and Michael R. Aquino, MD,MHScSPLENIC ABNORMALITIES470 Wandering SpleenA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP472 Splenic InfarctEthan A. Smith, MD474 Splenic CystsSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP476 Cat-Scratch DiseaseA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPPANCREATIC ABNORMALITIES478 PancreatoblastomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD480 Solid Pseudopapillary NeoplasmAlexander J. Towbin, MD482 Pancreas DivisumAlexander J. Towbin, MD484 Pancreaticobiliary MaljunctionAlexander J. Towbin, MD486 Annular PancreasAlexander J. Towbin, MD488 PancreatitisAlexander J. Towbin, MDMESENTERIC ABNORMALITIES492 Primary Mesenteric AdenitisMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc494 Mesenteric Lymphatic MalformationA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP496 Omental InfarctionMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHScTRAUMA498 Hypoperfusion ComplexMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc502 Bowel InjuryMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc506 Hepatic TraumaMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc510 Splenic TraumaMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc514 Duodenal TraumaMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc518 Pancreatic TraumaMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHScABNORMALITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISEDCHILDREN522 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative DiseaseAlexander J. Towbin, MD526 Pseudomembranous ColitisMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc528 Neutropenic ColitisMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc530 Graft-vs.-Host DiseaseEthan A. Smith, MD532 Chronic Granulomatous DiseaseAlexander J. Towbin, MD536 Pneumatosis in Older ChildrenEthan A. Smith, MDINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE538 Crohn DiseaseAlexander J. Towbin, MD542 Ulcerative ColitisAlexander J. Towbin, MDMISCELLANEOUS544 Esophageal StricturesAlexander J. Towbin, MD548 BezoarsMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc552 Gastrointestinal Duplication CystsA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP556 Small Bowel IntussusceptionMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc558 Henoch-Schönlein PurpuraMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc562 Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal TractAlexander J. Towbin, MD566 Hemophagocytic LymphohistiocytosisMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc and Swathi Selvam, MD570 Burkitt LymphomaEthan A. Smith, MD572 Castleman DiseaseEthan A. Smith, MD573 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic TumorEthan A. Smith, MD574 Abdominal AneurysmsEthan A. Smith, MDSECTION 5: GENITOURINARY578 Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary TractSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAPNORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES582 Normal Neonatal KidneySara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP584 Normal Neonatal Adrenal GlandSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP586 Normal Prepubertal Uterus and OvariesSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAPCONGENITAL URINARY TRACTABNORMALITIES588 Ureteropelvic Junction ObstructionSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP592 Vesicoureteral RefluxSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP596 Ureteropelvic DuplicationsSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP600 UreteroceleSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP604 Primary MegaureterSteven J. Kraus, MD606 Megaureter-MegacystisSteven J. Kraus, MD607 Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal HypoperistalsisSyndromeSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP608 Prune-Belly SyndromeSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP610 Posterior Urethral ValvesSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP614 Urachal AbnormalitiesSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP618 Cloaca MalformationSteven J. Kraus, MD620 Bladder ExstrophySteven J. Kraus, MD622 Renal Ectopia and FusionSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP626 Renal AgenesisEthan A. Smith, MDMULTICYSTIC RENAL DISEASE628 Multicystic Dysplastic KidneySara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP632 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal RecessiveSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP636 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal DominantSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAPRENAL MASSES638 Wilms TumorEthan A. Smith, MD and Hank Baskin, MD642 NephroblastomatosisAlexander J. Towbin, MD646 Multilocular Cystic NephromaAlexander J. Towbin, MD648 Congenital Mesoblastic NephromaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP652 Renal Rhabdoid TumorEthan A. Smith, MD653 Clear Cell Sarcoma of KidneyEthan A. Smith, MD654 Renal Cell CarcinomaEthan A. Smith, MD656 Renal Medullary CarcinomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD658 AngiomyolipomaAlexander J. Towbin, MDMISCELLANEOUS RENAL CONDITIONS662 PyelonephritisSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP666 Renal InjuryMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc670 Renal StonesAlexander J. Towbin, MD674 Transient Neonatal Renal MedullaryHyperechogenicityArthur B. Meyers, MD676 Renal Vein ThrombosisEthan A. Smith, MD678 Renal Artery StenosisEthan A. Smith, MD679 Hemolytic Uremic SyndromeA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPBLADDER ABNORMALITIES680 Neurogenic BladderSteven J. Kraus, MD684 Bladder DiverticulaSteven J. Kraus, MD686 Post-Deflux Procedure AppearanceSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP688 Rhabdomyosarcoma, GenitourinarySara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAPADRENAL ABNORMALITIES692 Neonatal Adrenal HemorrhageSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP696 Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaAlexander J. Towbin, MD700 NeuroblastomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP706 Adrenocortical CarcinomaAlexander J. Towbin, MD708 PheochromocytomaAlexander J. Towbin, MDUTERINE AND OVARIAN ABNORMALITIES710 HydrometrocolposSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP714 Müllerian Duct AnomaliesSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP718 Ovarian CystSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP722 Ovarian TeratomaSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP726 Ovarian Malignancies of ChildhoodAlexander J. Towbin, MD730 Ovarian TorsionSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP734 Ectopic OvaryHank Baskin, MDSCROTAL/TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES736 EpididymoorchitisSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP740 Testicular TorsionSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP744 Torsion of Testicular AppendageSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP748 Paratesticular RhabdomyosarcomaHank Baskin, MD750 Testicular TumorsHank Baskin, MD754 Testicular TraumaHank Baskin, MD756 Ectopic TesticleHank Baskin, MD758 Variations of HydrocelesEthan A. Smith, MDSECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL762 Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal SystemChristopher G. Anton, MDNORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES766 Primary and Secondary Growth CentersArthur B. Meyers, MD768 Red to Yellow Marrow ConversionArthur B. Meyers, MD770 Normal Developmental Variants Confused WithDiseaseA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP776 Distal Femoral Avulsive IrregularityA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPCONGENITAL ANOMALIES778 VACTERL AssociationArthur B. Meyers, MD782 PolydactylyArthur B. Meyers, MD783 Tibial/Fibular HemimeliaArthur B. Meyers, MD784 Tibial BowingArthur B. Meyers, MD785 ArthrogryposisArthur B. Meyers, MD786 ClubfootArthur B. Meyers, MD788 Discoid MeniscusChristopher G. Anton, MDTRAUMA: GENERAL792 Physeal FracturesArthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP796 Apophyseal InjuriesA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP800 Incomplete FracturesEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP802 Child Abuse, Metaphyseal FractureMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc806 Other Fractures of Child AbuseMichael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr.,MD, FAAP810 Stress InjuriesArthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP814 OsteochondrosesArthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP816 Osteochondritis DissecansArthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP820 Fracture ComplicationsArthur B. Meyers, MD824 Orthopedic Hardware and ComplicationsArthur B. Meyers, MD828 Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and ChronicArthur B. Meyers, MD830 Morel-Lavallée LesionA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP831 Muscle HerniaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPTRAUMA: UPPER EXTREMITY832 Supracondylar FractureA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP836 Lateral Condylar FractureChristopher G. Anton, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP840 Medial Epicondyle AvulsionA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP842 Forearm FracturesEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP844 Clavicle InjuriesArthur B. Meyers, MDTRAUMA: LOWER EXTREMITY846 ACL InjuriesArthur B. Meyers, MD850 Patellar DislocationArthur B. Meyers, MD854 Patellar Sleeve AvulsionA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP855 Tibial Tubercle AvulsionA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP856 Triplane FractureChristopher G. Anton, MD858 Juvenile Tillaux FractureEmily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP860 Toddler's FractureEmily S. Orscheln, MD861 Trampoline FractureEmily S. Orscheln, MDINFECTION AND INFLAMMATORYDISORDERS862 OsteomyelitisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP868 SyphilisArthur B. Meyers, MD870 Septic ArthritisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP872 Transient SynovitisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP874 Soft Tissue AbscessA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP876 Juvenile Idiopathic ArthritisChristopher G. Anton, MD880 DermatomyositisChristopher G. Anton, MD882 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal OsteomyelitisArthur B. Meyers, MDSOFT TISSUE MASSES886 Infantile HemangiomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP890 Kaposiform HemangioendotheliomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP892 Venous MalformationA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP896 Lymphatic MalformationA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP900 Arteriovenous Malformation (MSK)A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP902 FibromatosisChristopher G. Anton, MD906 Infantile Myofibroma/MyofibromatosisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP908 Plexiform NeurofibromaArthur B. Meyers, MD910 LipoblastomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP911 PilomatrixomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP912 Rhabdomyosarcoma, MusculoskeletalChristopher G. Anton, MD916 Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas(NRSTS)Arthur B. Meyers, MD920 Granuloma AnnulareArthur B. Meyers, MD922 Myositis OssificansArthur B. Meyers, MDFOCAL, MULTIFOCAL, AND DIFFUSE BONELESIONS924 Ewing SarcomaChristopher G. Anton, MD928 OsteosarcomaChristopher G. Anton, MD932 LeukemiaChristopher G. Anton, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP936 Langerhans Cell HistiocytosisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP940 Nonossifying FibromaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP944 Osteoid OsteomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP948 ChondroblastomaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP950 OsteochondromaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPABNORMALITIES OF HIP954 Developmental Hip DysplasiaHank Baskin, MD958 Proximal Focal Femoral DeficiencyChristopher G. Anton, MD960 Legg-Calvé-Perthes DiseaseArthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,FAAP964 Slipped Capital Femoral EpiphysisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPCONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE968 AchondroplasiaChristopher G. Anton, MD972 MucopolysaccharidosesArthur B. Meyers, MD976 Osteogenesis ImperfectaArthur B. Meyers, MD980 OsteopetrosisA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPMISCELLANEOUS982 RicketsA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP986 Sickle Cell DiseaseA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP990 ScoliosisChristopher G. Anton, MD994 Tarsal CoalitionChristopher G. Anton, MD998 Brachial PlexopathyArthur B. Meyers, MD1000 HemophiliaA. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAPSECTION 7: BRAIN1004 Approach to Pediatric BrainLuke L. Linscott, MDNORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION1008 Normal MyelinationBlaise V. Jones, MD1012 Enlarged Subarachnoid SpacesLuke L. Linscott, MD1014 Cavum Septum PellucidumUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1015 Cavum Veli InterpositiUsha D. Nagaraj, MDCONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS1016 Dandy-Walker ContinuumUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1020 Other Cerebellar MalformationsUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1022 CephaloceleUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1024 HoloprosencephaliesUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1026 Callosal AnomaliesUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1028 HemimegalencephalyUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1030 LissencephalyUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1032 Heterotopic Gray MatterLuke L. Linscott, MD1034 SchizencephalyUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1036 PolymicrogyriaLuke L. Linscott, MD1038 Focal Cortical DysplasiaLuke L. Linscott, MD1040 Chiari 1Usha D. Nagaraj, MD1042 Chiari 2Usha D. Nagaraj, MD1044 Aqueductal StenosisUsha D. Nagaraj, MDPHAKOMATOSES1046 Neurofibromatosis Type 1Luke L. Linscott, MD1050 Tuberous SclerosisLuke L. Linscott, MD1052 Sturge-Weber SyndromeLuke L. Linscott, MD1054 PHACES SyndromeBernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB1055 Neurocutaneous MelanosisLuke L. Linscott, MDCYSTS AND NEOPLASMS1056 Colloid CystLuke L. Linscott, MD1058 Arachnoid CystLuke L. Linscott, MD1060 Dermoid and Epidermoid CystsLuke L. Linscott, MD1062 Pineal CystLuke L. Linscott, MD1063 Enlarged Perivascular SpacesLuke L. Linscott, MD1064 Pilocytic AstrocytomaLuke L. Linscott, MD1066 MedulloblastomaLuke L. Linscott, MD1068 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid TumorLuke L. Linscott, MD1070 Posterior Fossa EpendyomaLuke L. Linscott, MD1072 Supratentorial EpendymomaLuke L. Linscott, MD1073 GlioblastomaLuke L. Linscott, MD1074 Brainstem TumorsLuke L. Linscott, MD1078 DNETLuke L. Linscott, MD1079 GangliogliomaLuke L. Linscott, MD1080 Desmoplastic Infantile TumorsLuke L. Linscott, MD1081 Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered RosettesLuke L. Linscott, MD1082 CraniopharyngiomaLuke L. Linscott, MD1084 Germinoma, BrainLuke L. Linscott, MD1086 Choroid Plexus TumorsLuke L. Linscott, MDTRAUMATIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS1088 Abusive Head TraumaLuke L. Linscott, MD1092 Germinal Matrix HemorrhageLuke L. Linscott, MD1096 White Matter Injury of PrematurityLuke L. Linscott, MD1098 Hypoxic-Ischemic EncephalopathyLuke L. Linscott, MD1100 Childhood StrokeLuke L. Linscott, MD1102 MoyamoyaLuke L. Linscott, MD1104 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal MalformationLuke L. Linscott, MD1106 Arteriovenous MalformationLuke L. Linscott, MD1108 Cavernous MalformationLuke L. Linscott, MD1110 Birth InjuryUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1112 Cerebral Venous Sinus ThrombosisLuke L. Linscott, MD1114 Childhood AneurysmsLuke L. Linscott, MDMETABOLIC, INFECTIOUS, ANDINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS1116 Metabolic Brain DiseaseBlaise V. Jones, MD1120 Mitochondrial EncephalopathiesBlaise V. Jones, MD1122 LeukodystrophiesBlaise V. Jones, MD1124 TORCH InfectionsBlaise V. Jones, MD1126 Brain AbscessBlaise V. Jones, MD1128 Acute EncephalitisBlaise V. Jones, MD1130 Demyelinating DiseasesBlaise V. Jones, MDMISCELLANEOUS1132 CraniosynostosesUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1136 CSF Shunts and ComplicationsUsha D. Nagaraj, MDSECTION 8: SPINE1142 Approach to Pediatric SpineBlaise V. Jones, MDCONGENITAL SPINAL MALFORMATIONS1144 MyelomeningoceleUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1146 LipomyelomeningoceleUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1147 Dorsal Dermal SinusUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1148 Caudal RegressionUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1149 Split Cord MalformationUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1150 Terminal MyelocystoceleUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1151 Neurenteric CystUsha D. Nagaraj, MD1152 Tethered Spinal CordBlaise V. Jones, MD1153 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal TumorLuke L. Linscott, MD1154 SyringomyeliaBlaise V. Jones, MDNEOPLASMS1156 Spinal Cord EpendymomaBlaise V. Jones, MD1158 Spinal Cord AstrocytomaBlaise V. Jones, MD1160 Sacrococcygeal TeratomaSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAPINFLAMMATORY LESIONS1164 Discitis/OsteomyelitisLuke L. Linscott, MD1166 Inflammatory MyelopathiesBlaise V. Jones, MDTRAUMA1168 Craniocervical Junction InjuriesLuke L. Linscott, MD1172 Chance FractureBlaise V. Jones, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP1174 Spondylolysis and SpondylolisthesisChristopher G. Anton, MDSECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK1178 Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck MassesBernadette L. Koch, MDNASAL AND SINUS CAVITIES1182 Nasal Dermal SinusBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR1186 Juvenile AngiofibromaBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR1190 Acute RhinosinusitisNicholas A. Koontz, MDORBIT1194 Orbital CellulitisBernadette L. Koch, MD1198 RetinoblastomaBernadette L. Koch, MDTEMPORAL BONE1202 Congenital Auricle MalformationsBernadette L. Koch, MD1204 Large Vestibular AqueductWilliam T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L.Koch, MD1206 Congenital CholesteatomaBernadette L. Koch, MD1208 Acquired CholesteatomaBernadette L. Koch, MD1210 Acute Otomastoiditis With AbscessLuke L. Linscott, MDSYNDROMES WITH CRANIOFACIALINVOLVEMENT1214 CHARGE SyndromeWilliam T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L.Koch, MD1215 Branchiootorenal SyndromeWilliam T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D.Robson, MBChB1216 Treacher Collins SyndromeBernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB1217 Pierre Robin SequenceBernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChBNECK MASSES BEYOND NEWBORN PERIOD1218 Thyroglossal Duct CystBernadette L. Koch, MD1222 Branchial Cleft AnomaliesBernadette L. Koch, MD1226 Acute ParotitisBernadette L. Koch, MD1228 Infantile Hemangioma, CervicofacialBernadette L. Koch, MD1232 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and NeckBernadette L. Koch, MD1236 Fibromatosis ColliSara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP1240 Suppurative AdenitisBernadette L. Koch, MD and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD